王士性仕宦與游歷之研究

Wang Shixing''s Official Career and Travel Research

吳柏岳(Po-Yueh Wu)

指導教授 ： 吳振漢

國立中央大學/文學院/歷史研究所/博士(2012年)

摘要

王士性作為晚明時期一介著名的旅行者，其旅遊經驗以及《五嶽游草》、《廣志繹》直至清初仍具其代表性。透過其人豐富的旅遊經驗以及仕宦背景，不啻是本論文選擇作為案例，對明末士人宦遊生活進行研究的絕佳選擇。
對於外出任官的士人而言，宦遊往往代表著必須面對的離鄉背井的情況。然而在明代士人的宦遊生活內容中，由於社會風氣使然，藉任官機會出遊，已然成為在仕宦之餘普遍的消遣。透過對王士性的研究，可明確的發現此時士人的宦游生活，確實已因社會環境改變之故，而出現更多了旅遊成份於其中。這樣的情形顯然與當時士人階層文化的發展有若干牽連，並成為明代中後期一項具有時代意義的獨特文化現象。
本文另透過王士性的仕宦經歷為案例，討論晚明官員遠遊任官的實際情況。王士性擔任河南確山縣知縣時期的作為，不啻是理解晚明地方官員施政模式的一扇窗口。此外，王士性於中央擔任禮科給事中時期所參與的政爭，也令本論文有機會檢視張居正過世後，明神宗在權衡朝中政治勢力時所面臨的難題。而萬曆中後期神宗的長期怠政，以及朝野之間分門結派的激烈黨爭的因素，在這段時期也可發現其中端倪。
士人的名聲往往透過自身著作，以及和讀者之間的直接、間接互動塑造。本文也藉考察王士性交際圈以及形象建立的過程，檢視士人之間聲氣相通，並利用此一途徑做為宣傳自身名望的途徑和方式。經過本論文討論後，可以瞭解王士性藉著和王世貞、汪道昆，以及白榆社成員之間的交往，不僅建立起自身於文壇的名望，此後更藉著《五嶽游草》和《廣志繹》的付梓，成功形塑出己身的善游形象。藉著本論文的探討，可以發現晚明時期的旅遊風氣、仕宦文化，和士人階層習氣等相互交雜，彼此深刻影響的文化現象，在王士性身上都有相當程度的體現。

關鍵字

王士性 ； 宦遊 ； 形象 ； 明末 ； 旅遊 ； 萬曆

並列摘要

As a renowned traveler in Late Ming, Wang Shixing’s travelling and his Wu Yue You Cao and Guang Zhi Yi were still having their representation till early Qing. Through Wang Shixing’s plenty of traveling experience and his background of being officer, this study uses him as a case to research literatus’ official travel life in Late Ming.
For literatus leaving hometown for official appointment, official travel usually represents an away-from-home situation that each officer has to face. However, due to the common practice, official travel resulted from official appointment becomes the most popular leisure activity among officers in Ming Dynasty. Through the research into Wang Shixing, this study clearly points out that official travel in this time, because of the change of social environment, is more entertaining. This apparently relates with the development of culture of literatus class, which becomes a meaningful cultural phenomenon of Mid-Late Ming.
This study also uses Wang Shixing’s officer experience as a case to discuss the real condition of officer’s travelling for official appointment in Late Ming. Wang Shixing’s conducts while being the magistrate of Queshan County are a way to understand the governance mode of Late Ming magistrates. Besides, his participation in political struggle while being an officer in the Ministry of Rites is a method to examine the difficulty that Ming Shenzong faced in balancing the political party powers in the central government after Zhang Juzheng’s death. Also, in mid-late Wan-li period, the factors of Ming Shengzong’s negligence of politics and fierce party struggle in central and local government in his regime can be found in some traces.
The reputation of literatus is formed by his works and direct and indirect interaction with his readers. This study also investigates Wang Shixing’s social circle and the process of shaping his image to examine the collusion within literatus which is used as a way to demonstration. With the communication with Wang Shizhen, Wang Daokun, and other members of Baiyu Club, Wang Shixing not only founds his reputation in the literary circle. Also with the publishing of Wu Yue You Cao and Guang Zhi Yi, he successfully shapes his image that he is good at excursion. The fashion of travel, the officer cultures and the practices in literatus class interrelated in Late Ming can be quite incarnated in Wang Shixing’s life.

並列關鍵字

image ； travel ； Late Ming ； Wan-li ； Official travel ； Wang Shixing

參考文獻

﹝明﹞方瑜，《南寧府志》。北京：書目文獻出版社，1990年。

巫仁恕，《品味奢華：晚明的消費社會與士大夫》。臺北：聯經出版社，2007年。

吳振漢，〈明末山人之社交往絡和遊歷活動——以何白為個例之研究〉，收錄於《漢學研究》，卷27期3，2009年9月，頁159-190。

范宜如，〈山水構圖之紀實特徵與抒情性：以王士性《五嶽游草》為考察對象〉，《東吳大學中文學報》，期18，2009年11月，頁165-184。

范宜如〈華夏邊緣的觀察視域：王士性《廣志繹》的異文化敘述與地理想像〉，《臺灣師大國文學報》，期42，2007年12月，頁121-151。