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  • 學位論文

清末民初革命脈絡下的政治暗殺及其論述,1895-1916

指導教授 : 孫隆基
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摘要


中國清末民初的暗殺潮,既是政治文化現象,也是紮根於轉型時期的社會現象,更是受到當時西方流行的無政府主義、俄國民意黨以及對「力」的崇拜所影響。暗殺,在政治學的範疇中往往被劃定為政治暴力或是恐怖行動,但是若加以爬梳中國暗殺的生成脈絡及其系譜,我們可以發覺到在清季,革命黨人對於暗殺的討論並不將其視為暴力行徑,反看作是救國救民的一種手段,亦是促進社會進化的利器,進而促成暗殺在晚清階段開始勃興,下開民初政局的一股暗殺風潮。雖然民初的暗殺潮接續晚清而來,但這中間卻也產生斷裂的現象:其一為暗殺的對象以及暗殺的功用已產生質變,其二則是暗殺論述的轉向,也就是晚清時期以贊成暗殺的聲浪佔有主導權,至民初則儼然由反暗殺言論佔有優勢。可是歷史卻與這股暗殺論述的轉向呈現相反的態勢:暗殺事件只會越來越多,並不因反暗殺論述而有所減少。 暗殺,不僅是革命黨人進行革命運動的方法,實也是滿清政府和袁氏政權鎮壓革命勢力的做法。但是暗殺事件的主事者,卻因主政者的更迭而在形象上有所變異,特別是在中華民國建立的初期,革命歷程的追憶、各式各樣的追悼大會和國家賞卹,相當突出革命黨暗殺名士的建國之功,可是在這一連串烈士形象的建構過程中,所謂的「忠」、「義」也失去了它原有的場域,成為眾家爭奪的符號。然而一場暗殺事件的發生,其影響力並不只有侷限在主事者與被害者之間而已,乃是一齣沒有人可以置身事外的戲碼。

並列摘要


At the turn of the 19th and the 20th centuries, there was a wave of assassination attempts in China spanning the late Qing Dynasty and the early years of the Republic of China. The phenomenon, influenced by the international anarchist movement, Russia’s People’s Will Party, and the quest for power, had political and social implications. Textbooks teach that assassination is an act of violence and terrorism, but contemporary perceptionsdo not help us to understand the origin of the wave of Chinese assassinations of a century ago. In the late Qing, revolutionists deemed assassination as a way to save the nation and the people, a tool for ushering social evolution. In the early years of Republican China, however, assassination could no longer be justified in this manner. On the one hand, assassination tended to degenerate into an immoral act. On the other hand, it appeared to be an obstacle to democracy. However, the contra-assassination discourse, both morally or politically, failed to stop the ever-increasing assassination plots. For revolutionists, assassination was a means to overthrow the old regime, but those in power could also use it to eliminate the opposition. In the early years of the Republic, assassins were remembered as martyrs. But their rather positive patriotic image was obfuscated by subsequent acts of assassinations. Assassination might take a person’s life, but placed in a historical perspective, it also affected the whole nation.

參考文獻


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