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  • 學位論文

全球糧食危機與糧食安全探析

A Study of The Global Food Crises and Food Security

指導教授 : 蔡育岱
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摘要


糧食是人類賴以生存的首要物質基礎,如果沒有糧食,一切將是無稽之談沒有貿易、沒有商業、沒有文學、沒有藝術、沒有學習、沒有進步、沒有未來。飢餓是實現人權和制約人類發展的一項重大因素,它不僅會剝奪最基本的生存權、甚至會吹熄一個人的希望,進而阻礙國家的繁榮與和平。 糧食與傳統安全、非傳統安全、人類安全皆有緊密的連結。然而在傳統安全中,包含外交威脅、政治威脅與軍事威脅,而糧食危機與傳統安全的關聯性皆與上述三個範疇有關,因為糧食是一種具有戰略意義的特殊商品,是事關國家獨立、政治穩定、經濟發展和社會和諧的戰略物資甚至是武器;不管是因為糧食的分配不均、糧食帶動經濟的起伏、經濟影響糧食的價格、人民對於缺糧的抗議、疾病導致跨國運送中斷,亦或是食物分子技術的提高改變人類的飲食習慣,皆與非傳統安全中,經常是需要全球組織、區域與國家間的合作、而非由單一政府可以解決的特性相關;在人類安全中,糧食安全即為7大面向之一,為讓人類免於糧食匱乏問題。以人為中心,確保較好的生活條件與健康的環境,免於生活中的威脅。 全球性的糧食銳減雖然不像區域性糧食歉收相對容易發生,但曾發生過幾次嚴重的糧食危機所引發的國際糧價高漲之情形一再警惕著大家。而全球糧食危機的實質可以歸結為兩個問題,即糧食的生產供給問題和糧食市場價格問題。不得不承認,當全球走向工業化、城市化以及人口增長增加了糧食需求,給全球糧食安全帶來巨大壓力,這是發生全球糧食危機的重要原因之一。但必須知道,近幾年來,全球氣候變暖、自然災害頻發、生物質能源開發、發達國家的巨額農業補貼以及農業跨國公司對糧食的壟斷和炒作,也是引發糧食危機中不可忽視的基本成因。

並列摘要


Food is primary material foundation of human survival. Without food, all other things are moot points,no trade, no business, no literature, no art, no learning, no progress, no future. Hunger is a major factor behind the realization of human rights and the restriction of human development. Not only can it deprive a person of the most basic right of existence or demolish a person’s hopes, but it can also hinder a nation’s peace and prosperity. Diplomatic, political or military threats are all connected to the relationship between food crises and traditional security. Since food is also a commodity with strategic war significance, with respect to national independence, political stability, economic development and social harmony, it is a strategic material and even a weapon. Regardless if it is because food is not distributed evenly, the ups and downs that food brings to the economy, the economic impacts of food prices, protests by people who lack food, diseases that causes transnational transport disruption and/or molecular food techniques that improve or change human eating habits, all are connected to non-traditional security, and often require global organization or cooperation between regional and national actors, with special sets of characteristics that cannot be resolved by a single government. In human security, food security is one of the seven main facets that allow people to avoid food scarcity problems with people at the center, and ensuring better living conditions and healthier environments, while avoiding dangers in life. The substance of global food crises can be attributed to two problems: the problem of food production and the problem of food market prices. However, it must be known that global climate change, frequent natural disasters, development of biological resources, major agricultural subsidies of developed nations and the monopolies and speculations of international agriculture companies are all basic factors behind food crises which cannot be overlooked.

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