生物炭穩定底渣再利用級配中重金屬之效能評估

近來工業和科技的發展使工業廢棄物的數量逐年增加，導致汙染土壤的比例上升。由於城市固體廢物焚化爐(MSWI)的增加，我們也必須建立一套完善的處理系統。本研究旨在(i)透過導電度、pH值、重金屬含量、氯化物和毒性特性溶出程序(TCLP)滲濾液的總有機碳等分析來評估生物炭、底渣和土壤三元混合物潛在的環境影響；(ii) 確認加入生物炭對於底渣重金屬的穩定化表現；以及(iii)評估生物炭、底渣和土壤三元混合物的滲濾液對蕹菜（空心菜）生長的植物毒性影響。我們觀察到，加入生物碳和底渣增加了土壤的PH(5.5升至11.3)。然而，添加高量的底渣會提高電導率(EC)(20,900 μs/cm)，以及高濃度的氯(Cl-)(7,100 ppm)，將導致土壤無法達到法規標準。總有機碳含量(TOC)於 40%生物碳和40%土壤並添加少量的底渣(0%-20%)作為改質劑時最高達到250ppm。此三元混合物顯示有銅以及鉛的溶出，其中銅的溶出符合法規標準，而鉛的溶出濃度超過法規標準。垃圾焚化底渣再利用的可行性探討目前還缺乏一套標準的評估方法。生物炭、底灰、與土壤的滲出液的毒性對於空心菜生長的影響，我們觀察未稀釋的BBS對空心菜的生長情況與稀釋過BBS相比，較高濃度的土壤是抑制植物莖部與根部生長狀況的原因，以未稀釋的BBS栽培的植物其根部與莖部分別為3.3公分與5.5公分，對照組的更部與莖部分別為2.2公分與4.5公分。銅離子與鉛離子皆會被空心菜吸收，而在這次研究中並未發現BBS對空心菜有任何不利影響。我們發現使用較高比例的生物炭(50~80%)減少了都市垃圾焚化底渣對環境的危害，因此在未來利用生物炭減少廢棄物對環境的危害是可以被實現的。

關鍵字

生物炭；底渣；土壤整治；植物毒性；廢棄物管理

並列摘要

Industrial development and modernization have resulted in an increase of industrial waste generation, constituting to a substantial increase in contaminated soils. As municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWI) increase, proper alternative management systems must be developed for MSWI disposal. This study aimed to (i) evaluate the potential environmental effects of biochar, bottom ash, and soil ternary blends by analysis of electric conductivity, pH, heavy metal concentration, chloride and total organic carbon of leachate waters derived from Toxicity Characteristics Leaching Procedures (TCLP), (ii) determine the performance of heavy metal stabilization in bottom ash by biochar addition, and (iii) evaluate the phytotoxycity effects on Ipomoea aquatica (water spinach) grown in leachate waters of biochar, bottom ash and soil ternary blends. We observed that the addition of biochar and bottom ash increased the pH (5.5 to 11.3) of the soil, however, high applications of bottom ash resulted in high levels of electrical conductivity (EC) (20,900 µS/cm) and chloride (Cl-) concentrations (7,100 ppm), therefore failing to meet regulatory standards. The total organic carbon (TOC) was highest (250.0 ppm) at 40% biochar and 40% soil with low bottom ash treatments of 0-20%. The ternary mixtures exhibited leaching concentrations of Cu and Pb; leaching concentrations of Cu were qualified for regulatory standards, while leaching concentrations of Pb exceeded regulatory standards. The phytotoxicity effect of leachates from biochar, bottom ash, and soil (BBS) ternary blends on the growth Ipomoea aquatica (Water Spinach) was evaluated. We observed that the undiluted BBS ternary blends had adverse effect on Water Spinach growth compared to the diluted BBS ternary blends. Several undiluted ternary blends produced root and shoot lengths at 3.3 cm and 5.5 cm, higher than the control root and shoot lengths of 2.2 cm and 4.5 cm, respectively. Both Cu and Pb were absorbed by Water Spinach, though detrimental effects were not observed. These findings demonstrated that higher applications (50-80%) of biochar are more effective when reducing environmental risks associated with the use of MSWI bottom ash. The utilization of biochar is promising, given that biochar applications may be modified for specific environmental implementations.

並列關鍵字

biochar ； bottom ash ； soil treatment ； phytotoxicity ； waste management

參考文獻

Abhilash, P. C., S. Jamil, and N. Singh. 2009. Transgenic Plants for Enhanced Biodegradation and Phytoremediation of Organic Xenobiotics.

Biotechnology Advances 27: 474-488.

Allegrini, E., C. Vadenbo, A. Boldrin, T. F. Astrup. 2014. Life Cycle Assessment of Resource Recovery from Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Bottom Ash. Journal of Environmental Management 151: 132-143.

Allegrini, E., A. Maresca, M. E. Olsson, M. S. Holtze, A. Boldrin, T. F. Astrup. 2014. Quantification of the Resource Recovery Potential of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Bottom Ashes. Waste Management 34(9): 1627-36.

Amonette, J. E., and S. Jospeh. 2009. Characteristics of Biochar: Microchemical Properties. Biochar for Environmental Management Science and Technology. Earthscan, London, 33-43.

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生物炭穩定底渣再利用級配中重金屬之效能評估

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