滑菇生理特性與栽培基質之探討

Studies on the physiological characteristics and cultural substrates of Pholiota nameko (T. Ito) S. Ito & S. Imai

張喻絜(Yu-Chieh Chang)

指導教授 ： 梁文進

國立屏東科技大學/農學院/植物醫學系所/碩士(2010年)

https://doi.org/10.6346/NPUST.2010.00186

摘要

滑菇 (Pholiota nameko (T. Ito) S. Ito & S. Imai) 又名珍珠菇、珍珠蘑、滑子蘑、黃金滑菇等，屬於真菌界，層菌綱(Hymenomycetes)、傘菌目(Agaricales)、球蓋菇科(Strophariaceae)、鱗傘屬(Pholiota)的一種美味珍稀食用菇。本研究主要探討滑菇基礎生理特性、不同栽培基質及營養物添加對滑菇菌絲生長及產菇之效益，提昇滑菇栽培技術以利推廣。利用顯微鏡觀察雙層載玻片培養之菌絲之形態及扣子體構造，分子孢子呈楕圓形或長楕圓形，並利用核醣體DNA比對鑑定供試菌株，其Pn-Qyo與BCRC36054菌株之基因序列，相同度達98% 以上。由生理特性試驗，獲得滑菇菌絲生長之適宜溫度及酸鹼值分別為24℃及pH5-6；酵母麥芽瓊脂(yeast malt agar; YM)為菌絲生長最佳之培養基；以查氏為基礎培養基，獲得以乳糖及澱粉為菌絲生長最佳之碳素源；左旋麩醯胺酸(L-glutamine)為菌絲生長最佳之氮素源。光照對滑菇菌絲生長並非必須的。於篩選菌種材料之試驗，獲得木屑為滑菇最理想之菌種材料。比較前人所用不同栽培養配方基質對滑菇菌絲生長之試驗，獲得滑菇於鋸木屑90%、米糠5%、玉米粉5%的培養基質，其菌絲生長速度為最快；而對滑菇之產量影響，以83%木屑添加17%玉米粉最佳，生物轉換率為31.6%。於添加營養物試驗，以添加5%及10%玉米粉含量於含5%米糠木屑基質，其菌絲生長速度為最快；米糠添加對滑菇菌絲生長之試驗，以不添加米糠之含5%玉米粉木屑基質，菌絲生長速度為最快，其次為添加5％米糠者，但添加20％米糠者，菌絲生長最慢，但菌絲體卻較為濃密。滑菇於堆肥化後廢木屑基質上的生長速度最為快速，其次為初用木屑，生長最慢的為未經堆肥化之廢木屑。於添加不同比率之盤固拉草堆肥於木屑基質試驗，其結果是無添加者的菌絲生長為最快，添加越多堆肥，則菌絲生長越慢。在玉米粉添加對滑菇產量的影響試驗，得知以添加20%玉米粉於5%米糠木屑基質其生物轉換率為最高，第一潮菇生物轉換率達38.6%，二潮菇之總生物轉換率更達71.6%，移入產菇室到子實體收獲所需時間最短為22.8天。在米糠添加對滑菇產量之影響試驗，以添加20%米糠於含5%玉米粉木屑基質，生物轉換率29.0%為最高，在產菇室到子實體收獲日數為最短24.4天。菌絲生長於24-25℃完成後，直接18℃培養，滑菇生物轉換率為69.5%為最高，顯示滑菇菌絲生長完全後可直接於18℃培養。菌絲生長60天後再進行產菇栽培試驗，其生物轉換率為23.4%，較菌絲生長40或45天後再栽培者高。

關鍵字

滑菇 ； 生理特性 ； 栽培基質配方 ； 滑菇栽培

並列摘要

In order to promote culture techniques for increasing the “nameko” mushroom production, the physiological and culture characteristics, and fruit-body formation of Pholiota nameko were studied in experiments. The clamp connection structure and condia of Pholiota nameko Pn-Qyo isolate could be observed on slide culture. The Pn-Qyo isolate used in experiments was identified as species of Pholiota nameko by comparison of the sequence of ribosomal DNA. The optimum temperature of mycelial growth was 24℃ and the optimum initial pH of medium was 5.0-6.0. Yeast malt agar medium was suitable for mycelia growth of P. nameko. Lactose and starch as carbon source, L-glutamine as nitrogen source were better for mycelial growth tested in Czapek agar medium. Illumination was not essential for mycelia growth and hard wood sawdust was better to mycelia growth and as spawn material comparing with pine sawdust. In nutrient supplementation experiments, 5% and 10% corn meal added to sawdust containing 5% rice bran are better for mycelial growth than of 20% corn meal supplementation, where as in rice bran supplemented to 5% sawdust containing corn meal, no rice bran added was the best for mycelial growth, the second best one 5% rice; 20% rice bran supplementation was the slowest in mycelial growth, but mycelia was denser. P. nameko grew faster on composted waste sawdust than fresh sawdust, but slower on noncomposted waste sawdust. Comparing the sawdust substrate supplemented with different amount of pangolagrass compost for mycelial growth of P. nameko, the result showed that the more amount of panglagrass compost added, the slower mycelial growth. In comparing the formulae of culture substrate reported by researchers for cultivation of P. nameko, the best substrate formula for mycelial growth was sawdust 90%, rice brane 5% and corn meal 5%; but for mushroom production, the best formula was sawdust 83% and corn meal 17% that had 31.6% of BE. In the experiments of corn meal supplementation into sawdust substrate containing 5% rice bran , the results indicated that 20% corn meal supplement could get higher BE in 38.6% from first flush harvesting, and reach to 71.6 of BE from total amount of two flushes, and the day required for harvesting after incubation in culture room was the least in 22.8 days, while in the supplementation of rice bran into sawdust containing 5% corn meal, the highest BE of 20% rice bran added was 29.0% from first flush harvesting, the day requirement in culture room was the least in 24.4 days. After mycelial full grown in the bag at 24-25℃, the mycelia moved directly into 18℃ culture room without 12℃ low temperature stimulation, got 69.5% of BE higher than that of 7 days low temperature pretreatment. Before moving into 18℃ culture room, the mycelia grown for 60 days at 24℃ got 23.4% of BE higher than that of 40 days or 45 days incubation.

並列關鍵字

Pholiota nameko ； physiological characteristics ； cultural substrates ； nameko mushroom production

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