敷蓋及有機質肥料施用方式在不同季節對胡瓜生長之影響

Effect of Mulches and Organic Fertilizer Application Methods on the Growth of Cucumber under Different Seasons

江衍國(Yan-Guo Jiang)

指導教授 ： 王鐘和

國立屏東科技大學/農學院/農園生產系所/碩士(2011年)

https://doi.org/10.6346/NPUST.2011.00185

摘要

胡瓜為台灣重要的蔬果類作物之一，瓜果類作物具有營養生長與生殖生長同時進行之生育特性，因此對於植株養分的供給管理不容易。本試驗的目的係以不同的有機質肥料施用方式（基肥一次施用及分次施用）並藉由有機栽培常用的敷蓋方式（稻草、銀黑塑膠布及無敷蓋），探討不同敷蓋處理及有機質肥料不同施用方式對胡瓜生長之影響。
試驗結果顯示，屏科大試區兩種敷蓋處理之土壤水分含量均較對照組高，亦有顯著的雜草抑制效果，敷蓋塑膠布及稻草處理分別可減少約99%及86%的鮮草量。敷蓋塑膠布處理有明顯提升土壤溫度的效果，日均溫與對照組相比平均增溫約2℃；而敷蓋稻草處理則於土壤日最高溫超過27.6℃以上有顯著的隔熱效果，日I最低溫則隨著土壤溫度越低其保溫的效果越佳，土壤日均溫於土壤溫度超過27℃時顯著降低土壤溫度，而低於27℃時則可顯著保溫。春夏作之結果顯示，敷蓋塑膠布可增加土壤中的有機質肥料礦化，使土壤有效養分含量增加。在不同肥料施用方式下，土壤養分元素普遍以肥料全量當基肥一次施用處理較高，因此供應較充足的養分予植株，而得到較高的植株乾重。而對產量則兩種施肥處理間秋作敷蓋稻草處理及對照組均以肥料全量一次施用高於分次施用處理，敷蓋塑膠布區之肥料全量一次施用較分次施用處理減產；春夏作則
敷蓋塑膠布處理及對照組均以肥料全量一次施用高於分次施用處理，敷蓋稻草區之肥料一次全量施用較分次施用處理減產，三種不同敷蓋處理平均產量以敷蓋稻草最高，對照組次之，塑膠布最低。
永靖試區共五作不同季節及敷蓋處理之試驗結果顯示，提高土壤溫度的效果依序為：黑色塑膠布＞黑網＞稻草，而各季節胡瓜每日產量與土壤日最高溫、日最低溫及日均溫相關性顯示，達豐二號胡瓜品種之可能適合的土壤溫度為20至25℃之間，在溫度較高的季節於黑網上增加敷蓋稻草處理在胡瓜達豐二號生育期間，土壤日均溫於適宜溫度範圍內之積溫均較只敷蓋黑網處理高。但在冬季於黑網上增加敷蓋塑膠布則具增溫效果，可減少土壤低溫的危害，使產量增加。

關鍵字

胡瓜 ； 敷蓋 ； 土壤溫度 ； 施肥方式

並列摘要

Cucumber is an important vegetable crop in Taiwan. Fruit vegetable crops like cucumber have the characteristics of vegetative and reproductive growth at the same period, so it is difficult to optimize the supply of fertilizer to plant for nutrition management. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different organic fertilizer applied method (applied fertilizer of once and split), and with or without mulching (straw, silver and black plastic sheet and non-mulching) on the growth of cucumber.
The results from field experiment undertook at NPUST farms showed that both treatments of mulching had soil moisture content higher than control (without mulching), and weed fresh weight of both mulching treatments were significantly lower than control, decreased the fresh weight of weed about 99% and 86% respectively. The plot mulched with plastic sheet significantly increased the soil temperature, and the daily mean temperature higher than control about 2℃. The plot with straw mulched significantly decreased the soil temperature when daily maximum temperature was above 27.6℃. On the
contrast when the daily minimum temperature was lower than 27℃ can significantly maintain the temperature. The result of spring-summer crop showed that with plastic sheets mulched increased the mineralization rate of organic fertilizers, and increased the soil available nutrients content. The soil nutrient elements content in the fertilizer applied once treatment plot was higher than split plot, therefore a more adequate supply of nutrients to the plants, and obtain a higher plant dry weight. The yield of cucumber in the autumn crop grown at straw mulched and control treatment plots with once applied fertilizer were higher than the split applied fertilizer treatment, and yield of plastic sheet mulched with once applied fertilizer treatment were lower than the split treatment. The yield of cucumber in the spring-summer crop grown at plastic sheet mulched and control treatments with once applied fertilizer treatment were higher than split treatment, and yield of straw mulched with once applied fertilizer treatment were lower than the split treatment. Compare to the yield of the three treatment, straw mulched treatment was the highest, followed by the control, the lowest was plastic sheets mulched treatment.
The results of five crops grown under different seasons and mulched treatments in Yongjing experimental field showed that the ability of mulching material to increase soil temperature were: black plastic sheet> black net> straw. The correlation between the cucumber yield and daily maximum temperature, daily minimum temperature, daily mean temperature showed that the optimum soil temperature of Dafong No.2 of cucumber was between 20 to 25℃, and added the straw on the black net reduced the damage of high temperature, and increased optimum temperature of the accumulated temperature, but in the winter season added the black plastic sheet on the black net reduced the damage of low temperature resulted in increased cucumber yield.

並列關鍵字

cucumber ； mulch ； soil temperature ； fertilizer application methods

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