施用不同性質有機質肥料對茶樹生長及土壤之影響

Effects of Different Organic Applications on the Growth of Tea plant and Soil Properties

魏匡立(Kuang-Li Wei)

指導教授 ： 王鐘和

國立屏東科技大學/農學院/農園生產系所/碩士(2011年)

https://doi.org/10.6346/NPUST.2011.00191

摘要

本研究目的為比較二種肥料（羊糞堆肥、菜子粕）和二等級施肥量（肥料氮含量為慣行推薦氮用量之1.5倍、3倍），共四種處理對於田間和盆栽試驗土壤性質與三品種茶樹生長（青心烏龍、台茶12號、台茶20號）的影響。研究結果顯示，四種處理對田間試驗與盆栽試驗兩種植栽方式的土壤性質的影響結果一致。在相同氮用量下，土壤酸鹼值、有機質含量、交換性鉀、鈣、鎂濃度均以羊糞堆肥處理高於菜子粕處理，而土壤中交換性鋁濃度則相反，以菜子粕處理較高。銨態氮及硝酸態氮濃度，在種植後兩個月以菜子粕三倍氮量處理最高，而後各時期各處理間均無明顯差異。土壤有效磷方面，不論哪時期四種處理間也無差異。
青心烏龍和台茶十二號其地上部植體乾重均以菜子粕三倍氮量處理最高，但是和其他三種處理間未達顯著差異。而盆栽試驗三品種茶樹其地上部植體乾重也均以菜子粕三倍氮量處理最高，於青心烏龍和台茶二十號兩品種茶樹植體乾重顯著高於其他三種處理方式。
茶樹植體枝條和葉片中的氮濃度以菜子粕處理高於羊糞堆肥，又以施用菜子粕三倍氮量處理為最高。茶樹氮吸收量與氮生產率之關係上，不論是菜子粕或羊糞堆肥處理，在田間試驗中皆呈負相關，而盆栽試驗
卻呈正相關，其原因可能為盆栽每盆裝量3.5公斤土壤，盆栽試驗中茶樹生長情形明顯不如田間試驗，推測在一個較小的土壤環境中，土壤及肥料礦化氮不足茶樹生長所需。盆栽試驗三品種茶樹在菜子粕處理其氮吸收率均高於羊糞堆肥處理，而田間試驗在處理間無顯著差異。青心烏龍植體乾重在10 MAP、12 MAP及14 MAP與表土pH值呈顯著負相關，與交換性鈣含量介於400-600 mg/kg時，亦呈顯著負相關，盆栽試驗結果與田間試驗一致。
施用羊糞堆肥處理之茶樹地上部乾重與土壤酸鹼值、土壤中交換性鈣、鎂間皆呈顯著負相關。菜子粕肥料氮含量高，碳氮比低，因此，養分的釋放速度較快，對於新植茶園其肥料量的使用要謹慎，避免茶樹有肥傷的情形，當茶樹發育健壯長勢旺盛後，菜子粕肥料提供的氮，茶樹能快速吸收利用，其氮吸收效果佳。茶樹栽培在選用肥料時，應注意肥料的酸鹼值、有效養分及施用量，若長期施用鹼性肥料，茶樹生長會有受到抑制的疑慮。

關鍵字

茶樹 ； 羊糞堆肥 ； 菜子粕 ； 土壤酸鹼值

並列摘要

The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of two kinds of fertilizer(sheep manure compost and rape seed mea; SMC and RSM), and two levels of fertilizer rate(1.5 times and 3 times of conventional recommended N rate), on the soil properties and the growth of three vareties(CCOL, TTES No. 12, TTES No. 20)in field and pot experiments. The results obtained from field and pot experiment were similar. Soil pH, organic matter content, exchangeable K、Ca、Mg content of SMC treated soil were higher than the RSM treated soil, but the concentration of exchangeable Al in SMC treated soil was lower than the RSM treated soil. The concentration of NH4+-N and NO3- -N content in RSM3.0 treated plot were the highest among all the treastments at two months after planting, after that stage it was no significant difference with other treatments. There was no difference of soil phosphorus content among the four treatments during all the period.
The shoot dry weight of CCOL and TTES No. 12 plant grown at RSM3.0 treated plot was higher than other treatments, but were no significant differences compared with other treatments . Pot experiments showed that the shoot dry weight of three varieties of tea plant growth at RSM3.0 treated soil were higher than other treatments. The shoot dry weight of CCOL and TTES No. 20 grown at RSM3.0 treated soil were higher than other three treatments significantly.
Nitrogen concentration in stems and leaves of tea plant grown at RSM treated soil were higer than grown at SMC treated soil, and RSM3.0 was the highest among all the three treatments. Nitrogen absorbed and nitrogen efficiency of tea plant; grown at RSM or SMC treated soil had a negative relationship with each other in field experimentals, but their were positive relationship in pot experiments. The reason maybe the limited volume (3.5 kg soil) in pot experiment, the lack of fertilizer and soil mineraliztion N inhibited the growth of tea plant. Fertilizer-N absorption efficiency for three varieties of tea plant, RSM treated soil were higher than grown at SMC treated soil in pot experiments, but their were no significantly differences in field experiments.Plant dry weight of CCOL sampled at 10 MAP, 12 MAP, 14 MAP had a significantly negative correlation with pH values of surface soil, and had a negative correlation with exchangeable calcium content at the range from 400 to 600 mg/kg. The results of pot experiments were as same as field experiment.
The shoot dry weight of tea plant grown at SMC treated plot had a significantly negative correlation with soil pH. RSM has high N content, low C/N ratio, thus the release of nutrients is faster, it must be careful for the fertilizer application rate for the new tea plantations, in order to avoid the damage of tea plant, when the tea plant growing strong, then provided nitrogen from RSM fertilizer can be rapidly absorbed by tea plant, and it had a positive effect of nitrogen absorption. When choosing the fertilizer for tea plant cultivation, it should be noted about the pH, available nutrients and dose. If long-term using the alkaline fertilizer, the growth of tea plant will have a concerns of inhibited.

並列關鍵字

tea plant ； sheep manure compost ； rape seed meal ； pH value of soil

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