透水混凝土鋪面透水率測定法之比較分析

Comparative analysis on the measuring permeable methods of pervious concrete pavements

劉茹如(Ju-Ju Liu)

指導教授 ： 劉英偉 ； 鍾文貴

國立屏東科技大學/工學院/土木工程系所/碩士(2014年)

https://doi.org/10.6346/NPUST.2014.00173

摘要

「透水性鋪面」具有多孔隙特性，能使雨水直接滲入路基，避免路面積水而影響用路人的行車安全。近年來其已被各界逐漸推廣應用於低乘載交通運量道路、人行步道、自行車道、停車場、公園步道等。透水係數是衡量材料透水性能的重要指標，土壤試驗會採用定水頭和變水頭兩種方法測定土壤的透水係數，前者適用於高透水性的土壤(透水係數大於10- 4 cm/sec)，後者則適用於低透水性土壤(透水係數小於10- 4 cm/sec)。透水性混凝土之透水係數一般會要求大於1#westeur024#10-4cm/sec，屬高透水性材料，目前國內外進行透水性混凝土透水性能之方法，並不侷限採用定水頭試驗。如日本道路協會現地透水儀試驗法，即以變水頭方式進行試驗；美國ASTM C1701透水混凝土單環試驗儀，則以類定水頭原理進行試驗，透水係數則採用達西定律或或依能(質)量不滅定律計算。
本研究使用定水頭或變水頭給水方式探討各種可行的透水試驗法，以檢測透水性鋪面透水性能之差異，來釐清各種試驗法之可靠性。首先在室內試驗部份依適當材料配比製作三桶模擬混擬土透水鋪面試體(40#westeur024#40#westeur024#69cm3)，試體成型並養護28天後，再分別以現地透水儀、單環滲透儀與雙環滲透儀等依定水頭或變水頭給水方式檢測其透水性能，再與質量平衡法檢測結果進行比較。室外試驗部份選定屏東科技大學環安衛中心連外道路既有透水鋪面作為現地透水試驗場地，以相同試驗法進行現地透水性能檢測。最後依據試驗數據統計分析各種試驗法在檢測現地透水鋪面與模擬透水鋪面試體兩者透水性能的差異性。
試驗結果顯示，以現地透水儀檢測模擬透水鋪面試體，跟以土壤室內試驗儀檢測圓柱和鑽心試體，兩者使用變水頭給水方式檢測得之透水係數均高於定水頭透水試驗值約2~2.3倍。用質量平衡法、現地透水儀與30cm內徑單環滲透儀(ASTM-C1701)等三種方法檢測模擬透水鋪面試體(編號A-B-2)之透水性能，結果顯示三者之透水係數值均十分接近，表示不論採用日本道路協會現地透水儀試驗法或ASTM-C1701單環滲透儀(環內徑30cm)試驗法檢測新鋪透水性鋪面之透水性能，均具可靠性。但檢測舊有透水性鋪面的透水性能，則以單環滲透儀進行檢測為較佳的選擇。
以單環或雙環滲透儀檢測現地透水性鋪面及模擬透水鋪面試體之透水性能，從試驗資料統計分析結果顯示水頭高度對試體的透水係數呈現顯著性影響。試體之透水係數會因檢測時的給水高度而異，採用的試驗環內徑大小也存在明顯的「尺寸效應」。再者，雙環滲透儀的試驗數據也呈現了外環具有抑制內環底部側向滲流的功效。
本研究有系統性地分析與討論檢測透水性鋪面透水性能的各種試驗法及其影響因子，研究成果可作為道路施工品管單位檢驗新鋪築透水性鋪面透水性能之參考，故具有一定程度的實務應用價值。

關鍵字

透水性鋪面 ； 透水係數 ； 焚化爐 ； 底渣再生料

並列摘要

Pervious pavements have the porous property, which enables the rain to flow directly into the sub-base and avoids catching water on the road surface. It has been increasingly adopted for roads of low occupancy traffic, footways, bike ways, parking lots and park pavements receutly. The infiltration is an important indication to evaluate infiltration capacity of the material ,both costant and falling head test will use to evaluate infiltration rate of soil in soil test. The former test is suitable for hight pervious soil(infiltration rate greater than 10 - 4 cm/sec),and the latter test is suitable for low pervious soil. Generaly, infiltration rate of concrete is required greater than 10 - 4 cm/sec. So far ,the evaluations of the filtration capacity of pervious concrete were not only used the constant head test internationally. For example , Japan Road Association examine field water infiltrometer method by falling head test. On the other hand, United States adopted ASTM-C1701 Single-ring infiltrometer method by constant head-like,moreover, infiltration rate are evaluate by Darcy’s low or according to energy (mass) law of conservation of volume calculation.
This research focuses on various feasible constant head and falling head tests for the infiltration capacity of pervious pavements, and examines the reliability of each test. First, we concocted three barrels of concrete porous pavement material for simulation(40#westeur024#40#westeur024#69cm3). After 28 days of maintenance, we tested their infiltration capacity by situ infiltrometer,Mass balance method, Single-ring infiltrometer and Double-ring infiltrometer with both constant and falling head tests. We chose the access road to College center of the Environemetal NPUST as the experiment field of existing pervious pavement, and performed the identical tests on that site. Finally, we compared the infiltration capacity of the two based on the data collected from the tests.
The results show that for both simulation pavement tested with Situ permeability instrument test method and cored and cylindrical samples tested with Lab Testing, the infiltration rates from falling head tests are 2-2.3 times higher than from constant head tests. On the other hand, the infiltration rates of simulation pervious pavement (numbered A-B-2) evaluated by Mass balance method, Situ infiltrometer and 30cm single-ring infiltrometer (ASTM-C1701) are very close. This means that for both Japan Road Association’s field water infiltrometer method and ASTM-C1701 single-ring infiltrometer (30 cm inner ring) method, the evaluations are reliable. However, when testing the infiltration capacity of existing pervious pavement, single-ring infiltrometer is a better choice.
Using Single-ring and Double-ring infiltrometers to evaluate the infiltration capacity of existing pervious pavement and simulation pervious pavement, we found that the height of the head has notable impact on the infiltration rate. That is, the infiltration rate changes with respect to the water head. The ``Size effect’’ is also prominent in the size of the ring adopted for conducting the tests. Moreover, the data from Double-ring infiltrometer revealed that outer ring has the effect of preventing the leaking at the bottom of the inner ring.
In this thesis, we did a systematic analysis and discuss the infiltration capacity of pervious pavements and various contributing effects involved in the experiments. The results could serve as a reference for the quality control uphile costructing a pervious pavement, when inspecting the infiltration capacity of the new pervious pavements. Thus, we think that this work has practical values in application area.

並列關鍵字

pervious pavements ； infiltration rates ； incinerator ； bottom ash recycled material

參考文獻

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