LED燈不同光譜與光強度對蝴蝶蘭生長與開花的影響

蝴蝶蘭(Phalaenopsis)為台灣重要外銷盆花，屬景天酸代謝(CAM)植物，業界均以環控溫室栽培，立體栽培可以增加生產密度，層架中的光源調節為決定植株生長的因素之一。為探討不同LED燈光譜與光合光量子通量密度對於蝴蝶蘭生長與開花的影響，本研究分別在日光型溫室補光與完全人工光源環境下採用LED燈立體栽培，以不同光譜與光強度處理對Phal. ‘Chi-Yueh Yellow Flag’與Phal. Queen Beer ‘Red Sky’進行幼苗栽培至開花的研究。日光型溫室補光試驗，每座栽培架的中、下層分別以紅藍綠光(TRGB)與白光(Z190) LED燈進行立體補光栽培，並且三座分別設置Low、Mid和High三個光強度(50、100、150 μmole·m-2·s-1)，以上層日光(Sun)作為對照。在1.7”盆栽培階段時值夏季高溫，試驗結果顯示，Phal. ‘Chi-Yueh Yellow Flag’植株夜間的淨二氧化碳吸收率(Pn) TRGB和Z190 Mid分別為(8.35和8.34 µmol CO2·m-2s-1)顯著較高；Z190 Mid處理總鮮乾重(32.66和1.99 g)皆明顯較重，而Sun處理總鮮乾重(22.52和1.21 g)皆較低；TRGB Low處理之葉面積(146.01 cm2)與總葉綠素含量(0.727 mg·g-1)皆較高。在Phal. Queen Beer ‘Red Sky’植株，Pn以TRGB High (4.27 µmol CO2·m-2s-1)最高；葉面積在TRGB Low (104.81 cm2)與Sun (100.68 cm2)顯著較大；總乾重則以Z190 High (1.85 g)明顯較重；TRGB和Z190 Low處理下總葉綠素含量為(0.833和0.870 mg·g-1)皆顯著較高。2個品系種在1.7”盆對於光強度的反應上，皆為低光處理總葉綠素含量較高；而在高光處理下，總乾重呈現較重的趨勢，並且都高於Sun處理。Phal. ‘Chi-Yueh Yellow Flag’在Z190 Mid處理下植體總鮮重與乾重皆明顯較重。日光型溫室補光試驗2.5”盆階段，歷經秋冬季，Phal. ‘Chi-Yueh Yellow Flag’植株在TRGB Low處理葉幅(32.23 cm)明顯較寬；葉面積以TRGB Mid (341.5 cm2)與Z190 Low (338.3 cm2)較大；而Z190 High處理之總鮮乾重(124.78和9.22 g)顯著最高，全醣含量則以Z190 Mid (8.35%)顯著最高；總葉綠素以TRGB Low (0.823 mg·g-1)較高；而Z190 Low處理下總花數(4.7朵)與花序鮮乾重(7.94和0.63 g)皆顯著較高。Phal. ‘Queen Beer’在TRGB High處理葉幅(24.27 cm)與總乾重(9.07 g)均顯著較高；總葉綠素以TRGB與Z190 Low (1.050和1.093 mg·g-1)較高；Z190 Mid處理澱粉(6.79%)與全醣(12.23%)皆最高；總花數以TRGB與Z190 Mid處理(10.7與10.2朵)較多；TRGB Mid花序鮮乾重(10.52和0.81 g)皆顯著最重。2個品種葉幅大小在TRGB光譜中對光強度的反應不同，而花朵數與花序鮮乾重也呈現不同趨勢，Phal. ‘Chi-Yueh Yellow Flag’適合生長在Low處理，而Phal. Queen Beer ‘Red Sky’適合生長在Mid處理。全人工光源試驗在環控生長室兩座栽培架中，每層個別以紅(R)、藍(B)、白(W)和遠紅(Fr)四種LED燈組合出RB、RBFr、RBW、RBWFr與RW這5種光譜，並各設定高光強度170 μmole·m-2·s-1與低光強度130 μmole·m-2·s-1。在此進行兩個試驗，試驗一：觀察植株從1.7”盆到2.5”盆的生長反應。在1.7”盆階段，Phal. ‘Chi-Yueh Yellow Flag’植株光譜處理的效果：RW處理根數(16.7條)與總鮮重(65.03 g)皆顯著較多；可溶性糖與全醣含量以RBW (3.55%和7.58%)與RW (3.17%和7.13%)明顯較高；以光強度處理比較，低光處理葉幅(21.37 cm)顯著較寬，但高光處理總乾重(4.08 g)與全醣(6.97%)皆最高。Phal. Queen Beer ‘Red Sky’植株在RW處理葉幅(18.07 cm)與總鮮重(48.27 g)顯著較高；澱粉以RB、RBWFr與RW (4.35-4.73%)皆明顯較高。而高光處理在葉鮮乾重(21.70和1.35 g)、澱粉(4.49%)與總醣(8.00%)都最高。對1.7”盆植株而言，以高光度的RBW與RW皆有較高植株生質量與碳水化合物累積。試驗一在2.5”盆階段Phal. ‘Chi-Yueh Yellow Flag’植株在RB、RBW與RBWFr處理葉鮮重(45.13-45.83 g)皆顯著較重，其中又以RBW與RBWFr處理從低溫處理到首花綻放天數(76.7和76.8天)、花梗數(2.2和2.3梗)、總花數(皆為10.2朵)、總花序鮮重(17.71和16.22 g)與總花序乾重(1.42和1.31g)皆明顯較多。與低光處理相比，高光處理下總鮮乾重(119.9和8.6 g)皆顯著較重而且首花綻放日數80.4天快1.9天。Phal. Queen Beer ‘Red Sky’植株在RBWFr處理根數(29.7條)、葉數(5.7片)與總鮮重(82.58 g)明顯較高；而RBW與RBWFr處理總花數(皆為15.7朵)、總花序鮮重(20.15和20.34 g)與總花序乾重(1.84和1.95 g)皆顯著較多。以開花階段而言RBW與RBWFr處理和高光度組合在2個品系上皆有較多的總花朵數與較重的花序鮮乾重。全人工光源試驗二將自然光下生長的蝴蝶蘭，移入上述光環境，並新增RWFr光譜配方，觀察其開花性狀與品質。Phal. ‘Chi-Yueh Yellow Flag’從低溫處理到抽梗天數以RW (26.3天)顯著較早，總花數皆以光譜含有Fr處理的RBFr (16.8朵)、RBWFr (16.4朵)與RWFr (16.7朵)顯著較多；而RBFr、RBW、RBWFr與RWFr總花鮮重(20.85-21.71 g)與總花序鮮重(27.84-29.44 g)皆顯著較重。在高光處理下抽梗日數(27.1天)比低光處理早2.3天，並且總花序鮮乾重(27.78和2.10 g)顯著較重。Phal. Queen Beer ‘Red Sky’在RBW與RBWFr處理總花序乾重(3.84和3.83 g)顯著較重；而花瓣內花青素含量以RWFr的(0.589 mg·g-1)顯著最高；在高光處理下首花綻放日數(98.0天)較早、總花數(31.5朵)較多與總花序乾重(3.44 g)顯著較重。Phal. ‘Chi-Yueh Yellow Flag’對於光譜中加入Fr，花朵數皆有較多的趨勢，但Phal. Queen Beer ‘Red Sky’則無明顯的差別。以開花階段而言Phal. ‘Chi-Yueh Yellow Flag’以RBFr、RBWFr與RWFr處理較有利於開花條件；Phal. Queen Beer ‘Red Sky’則以RBW與RBWFr有較佳的表現。

關鍵字

發光二極體；光譜；光合光量子通量密度；日光補光；立體栽培

並列摘要

Phalaenopsis is an important exporting potted plant of Taiwan, which belongs to Crassulaceae Acid Metabolism (CAM). In the production industry, plants are growing in the environmental controlled greenhouses. In which, the vertical culture systems with multiple layers can increase the production density. Manipulating the light sources within the shelves is one major factor deciding the growth of plants. To study the response of growth and flowering of Phalaenopsis under different LED light spectrum and photosynthetic photon flux densities (PPFD), this research was conducted in a sunlight greenhouse and a closed artificial lighting growth room, using vertical shelves with LEDs supplement lighting. Combinations of different light spectrum and PPFD were applied on Phal. ‘Chi-Yueh Yellow Flag’ and Phal. Queen Beer ‘Red Sky’ young plants to study the effects of growth and flowering. The research of “Sunlight with LED light supplement” in the greenhouse, used TRGB and Z190 LED lights in the middle and lower layers of each rack. Light intensities of Low, Mid, and High (50、100、150 μmole·m-2·s-1 respectly) were set on 3 growth racks separately. The sunlight (Sun) applied on the top layer was the control. It was hot summer during the growth of 1.7” plants. The results of Phal. ‘Chi-Yueh Yellow Flag’ plants: net CO2 uptake rate (Pn) were higher under TRGB Mid and Z190 Mid (8.35 and 8.34 µmol CO2·m-2s-1 respectly). Total fresh weight (FW) and dry weight (DW) under Z190 Mid (32.66 and 1.99 g) were havier , while they were significantly lower under Sun (22.52 and 1.21 g). TRGB Low had higher value of leaf area (146.01 cm2) and total chlorophyll content (0.727 mg·g-1). On Phal. Queen Beer ‘Red Sky’ plants , Pn of TRGB High (4.27 µmol CO2·m-2s-1) was the highest. Leaf area of TRGB Low (104.81 cm2) and Sun (100.68 cm2) were significantly larger. Under the Z190 High treatment had significantly higher total DW (1.85 g). The total chlorophyll content from TRGB and Z190 Low (0.833 and 0.870 mg·g-1) were both significantly higher. Response of the two cultivar 1.7” pot plants to the light intensity treatments, the total chlorophyll content of the lower light treatment was higher. However under the high light treatment, the total DW showed a heavier trend. Both of these observations were higher than Sun. Phal. ‘Chi-Yueh Yellow Flag’ had significantly higher total FW and DW under Z190 Mid treatment. The 2.5” pot stage of ‘Sunlight with LED light supplement’ experiment went through fall and winter seasons. Phal. ‘Chi-Yueh Yellow Flag’ plants had wider leaf span (32.23 cm) under TRGB Low treatment. The leaf area were significantly larger under TRGB Mid (341.5 cm2) and Z190 Low (338.3 cm2). However, the total FW and DW (74.31 and 9.22 g) of the Z190 High treatment were higher. Total carbohydrate content was higher under Z190 Mid (6.44%). Total chlorophyll was higher under TRGB Low (0.823 mg·g-1). The total flower number (4.7 flowers) and inflorescence FW and DW (7.94 and 0.63 g) were significantly higher under Z190 Low. The Phal. Queen Beer ‘Red Sky’ plants had significantly wider leaf span (24.27 cm) and higher total DW (9.07 g) in TRGB High treatment. The total chlorophyll content treated with the TRGB and Z190 Low (1.050 and 1.093 mg·g-1) were significantly higher. And the starch (6.79%) and soluble sugar (12.23%) under Z190 Mid were higher. There were more total number of flowers with TRGB and Z190 Mid (10.7 and 10.2) . The inflorescence FW and DW of TRGB Mid (10.52 and 0.81 g) is the heaviest. Leaf span of The two cultivars responsded differently to the light intensities under TRGB spectrum on number of flowers, FW and DW of inflorescence. Phal. ‘Chi-Yueh Yellow Flag’ was suitable for growth under Low treatment, but Phal. Queen Beer ‘Red Sky’ was suitable for growth under Mid treatment. The experiment of ‘Complete artificial light source’ was conducted in two racks in an environmental controlled growth room. Combinations of red (R), blue (B), white (W), and far-red (Fr) LED lights were set up as 5 light spectrum treatments including RB、RBFr、RW、RWB、and RWBFr. Under each, plants were arranged in 2 levels of light intensity (130 and 170 μmole·m-2·s-1). Two studies were processed here. Experiment I : plants were treated from 1.7” to 2.5” pots. In the 1.7” pot stage, on Phal. ‘Chi-Yueh Yellow Flag’ plants, the results of light spectrum treatments showed the higher value of root number (16.7) and total FW (65.03 g) from RW treatment, soluble sugar and total carbohydrate from RBW (3.55% and 7.58%) as well as RW (3.17% and 7.13%). Lower light intensity had larger leaf span (21.37 cm)，while high light intensity got higher total DW (4.08 g) and total carbohydrate (6.97%). In Phal. Queen Beer ‘Red Sky’ plants, higher values were leaf span (18.07 cm) and total FW (48.27 g) from RW; starch content (4.37-4.73%) from RB, RBWFr and RW. High light intensity resulted in more leaf FW and DW (21.07 and 1.35 g), starch (4.49%) and total carbohydrate (8.00%). To 1.7” pot plants, high intensity of RBW and RW produced more biomass and carbohydrate accumulation. In the 2.5 pot stage of Experiment I, Phal. ‘Chi-Yueh Yellow Flag’ plants had heavier leaf FW (45.13-45.83 g) from RB, RBW and RBWFr. RBW and RBWFr treated plants took less days from cooling to anthesis (76.7 and 76.8 days)，produced more stalks (2.2 and 2.3) and flowers (10.2), had heavier inflorescence FW (17.71 and 16.22 g) and DW (1.42 and 1.31 g). Comparing to lower light treatments, higher light resulted in havier FW and DW (119.9 and 8.6 g), and days to flower (80.4 days) was 1.9 days earlier. On Phal. Queen Beer ‘Red Sky’ plants, RBWFr had more roots (29.7), leaves (5.7) and total FW (82.58 g). RBW and RBWFr treatments produced more flowers (15.7), total inflorescence FW (20.15 and 20.34 g) and DW (1.84 and 1.95 g). In flowering stage, RBW and RBWFr with high light intensity showed better effects on both species. The Experiment II of ‘Complete artificial light source’ tested the effects on flowering of the plants grown in sunlight. They were layout under the same 5 light spectrum treatments with one additional layer: RWFr. On Phal. ‘Chi-Yueh Yellow Flag’ plants, days from cooling to spiking of RW (26.3 days) was the earliest. The spectrum treatments containing Fr produced more flowers: RBFr (16.8), RBWFr (16.4) and RWFr (16.7). RBFr, RBW, RBWFr and RWFr resulted with higher FW (20.85-21.71 g) and total inflorescence FW (27.84-29.44 g). High light took 27.1 days to spiking, 2.3 days less than low light, its flower FW and DW (27.78 and 2.10 g) were also havier. On Phal. Queen Beer ‘Red Sky’ plants, RBW and RBWFr had more total inflorescence DW (3.84 and 3.83 g); petals of RWFr had the highest anthocyanins content (0.589 mg·g-1). High light treatment had less days to anthesis (98.0 days), more flower number (31.5) and total inflorescence DW (3.44 g). Adding Fr in the spectrum showed the potential of increasing flower number on Phal. ‘Chi-Yueh Yellow Flag’ plants, but no difference on Phal. Queen Beer ‘Red Sky’ plants. During the flowering stage, RBFr, RBWFr and RWFr treatments had better effects on Phal. ‘Chi-Yueh Yellow Flag’ plants；RBW and RBWFr resulted better on On Phal. Queen Beer ‘Red Sky’ plants.