我有工作但我還是窮?工作貧窮因素之探討

Working, but poor? The causes of working poverty

陳憶(Chen Yi)

指導教授 ： 陳柯玫

國立屏東科技大學/人文暨社會科學院/社會工作系所/碩士(2021年)

https://doi.org/10.6346/NPUST202100147

摘要

在現今社會中，獲取有償工作卻仍落入貧窮的現象層出不窮。隨著經濟全球化，就業結構及貧窮型態漸漸有所轉變，新貧現象出現，導致個人或家戶即便已有一份有償的工作，卻仍處於貧窮，亦即「工作貧窮」。當工作不再具有助人脫離貧窮的功能時，將使得貧窮人口增加，福利領取者隨之遽增，且難以協助福利使用者脫離貧窮，此情況將加重政府財政負擔，對於國家而言並非好事，對個人及家庭來說更是一大困境，且工作貧窮問題是全球的狀況及趨勢，足見此議題的嚴重程度，深入探討有其必要性。
本文研究對象聚焦在15-64歲工作年齡人口，有關工作貧窮的定義，本研究同時使用四項工作貧窮型態，包含家戶工作貧窮、個人工作貧窮、個人工作貧窮且家戶工作貧窮以及個人工作貧窮且非家戶工作貧窮，採用次級資料分析方法，以2019年「家庭收支調查」作為研究資料來源，使用「階層線性模型」（Hierarchical Linear Modeling, HLM）進行資料分析，並考量經濟戶長之工作地點。本研究目的主要在於檢視影響工作貧窮因素的樣態，並相較不同工作貧窮型態間的影響因素差異，期望研究結果可做為政府在擬定貧窮相關福利與政策時的參考。
主要研究發現為性別、年齡、教育程度、社經地位與婚姻狀況皆以相同的模式影響四種貧窮型態，皆以女性、越年輕者、低教育程度、低社經地位及無配偶者，落入工作貧窮的風險較高。而在家庭因素中，家庭結構僅對「家戶工作貧窮」及「個人工作貧窮且家戶工作貧窮」兩者產生影響；家戶規模因素對於「家戶工作貧窮」、「個人工作貧窮」以及「個人工作貧窮且非家戶工作貧窮」三個貧窮型態均產生影響，但在「家戶工作貧窮」模型中為正向影響，另兩個型態中則是負向影響。家戶所得收入人口數對於四個貧窮型態皆達顯著水準，但影響模式上出現差異，在「家戶工作貧窮」與「個人工作貧窮且家戶工作貧窮」兩者中產生負向影響。而在家庭依賴比因素中，除了在「個人工作貧窮且家戶工作貧窮」中未產生顯著影響之外，其他三個貧窮型態皆呈現正向影響。最後，本研究同時考慮了工作地點的差異，結果確實指出工作貧窮會因為工作區域而有差異。

關鍵字

工作貧窮 ； 家庭收支調查 ； 工作年齡人口 ； 階層線性模型

並列摘要

In today’s society, there are many phenomena of getting paid work but still falling into poverty. With the globalization of the economy, the employment structure and poverty patterns have gradually changed, and new poverty has emerged, causing individuals or households to have a paid job, but they are still in poor, that is, “working poor”. When work no longer has the function of helping people out of poverty, it will increase the number of poor people, and the number of welfare recipients will increase rapidly, and it is difficult to help welfare users out of poverty. This situation will increase the financial burden of the government, which is not good for the country, but also a big dilemma for individuals and families. Moreover, the problem of working poor is a global situation and trend, which shows the seriousness of this issue and the necessity of further discussion.

This paper focuses on the working age population of 15-64 years old. Regarding the definition of working poor, this study uses four types of working poor at the same time, including household working poor, individual working poor, individual working poor and household working poor, individual working poor and non-household working poor. The study utilizes “the Survey of Family Income and Expenditure” in 2019 and applies the Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM) to consider the working location of the economic head of household. The purpose of this study is to examine the patterns of factors affecting working poor and compare the differences among different types of working poor. It is hoped that the research results can be used as a reference for the government when formulating poverty-related welfare and policies.

The main research found that the four poverty patterns were affected by the same pattern of gender, age, education, socioeconomic status and marriage status. The influence relationships were women, the younger, the lower education level, the lower socioeconomic status and the no couple, there is a higher risk of falling into working poor. Among the family factors, family structure only affects both “household working poor” and “individual working poor and household working poor”. Household size factors have an impact on the three poverty patterns of “household working poor”, “individual working poor” and “individual working poor and non-household working poor”, However, the model of “household working poor” has a positive impact, while the other two have a negative impact. The number of households with income has reached a significant level for the four poverty patterns, but there are differences in the impact patterns. Both “household working poor” and “individual working poor and household working poor” have a negative impact. Among the factors of family dependence ratio, except for “individual working poor and household working poor”, which didn’t have a significant impact, the other three poverty patterns all showed positive effects. Finally, this study also considered differences in work areas, and the results do indicate that working poor varies with work areas.

並列關鍵字

working poor ； Survey of Family Income and Expenditure ； working-age population ； hierarchical linear modeling

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