台灣水禽細菌性下痢疾病與藥物敏感性試驗之研究

台灣地區包含鴨、鵝之水禽平均年消費量高達3800多萬隻，市場產值高達80億元以上，主要以屏東縣、彰化縣、雲林縣為大宗，國內肉鴨以紅面番鴨、土番鴨以及北京鴨為主要養殖，其中又以北京鴨單價產值最高。高溫炎熱且潮濕多雨，易於各種病原與病媒孳生，特別是經由鴨排泄物散佈的疾病如沙門氏菌症、大腸桿菌、雷氏桿菌、家禽霍亂、病毒性腸炎等。依照大腸桿菌型別不同所造成之感染模式及病症皆有所差異，常見病畜腸道黏膜損傷、下痢、尿道感染、腦膜炎、敗血症。在沙門氏菌上，可由空氣飛沫或污染食物，攝入後感染，常可引發敗血症、急性腸炎及慢性腸炎。沙門氏菌具人畜共通傳染性，可造成人類及動物嚴重的腸胃炎、菌血症及傷寒等疾病與經濟損失，迄今仍為世界各國重要的公共衛生問題。雷氏桿菌會引起水禽的急性敗血性傳染病，感染率相當高，也造成嚴重的死亡率。近年來，鴨隻現場臨床實驗對抗生素使用反應效果不如預期，造成細菌性感染而使鴨隻死亡率上升的問題愈趨嚴重。本研究自2018年1月起至2019年12月收集台灣中部、南部地區之水禽鴨場有下痢臨床病徵的鴨隻為樣本，收集360件樣本進行分析此三種細菌在各年齡、品系、季節及地區的發生情形，利用聚合酶連鎖反應(polymerase chain reaction, PCR)檢測，並進行細菌鑑定及藥物敏感性試驗，以了解大腸桿菌(Escherichia coli)、沙門氏菌(Salmonella spp.)及雷氏桿菌(Riemerella anatipestifer)在鴨隻存在的情況，提供疾病防治之參考。結果顯示大腸桿菌、沙門氏菌及雷氏桿菌皆好發在1日至21日齡的幼鴨比例最高。大腸桿菌、沙門氏菌及雷氏桿菌皆在夏季發生率最高，其次是秋季，再次為春季，而冬季最低。大腸桿菌、沙門氏菌及雷氏桿菌皆在南部地區的發生率高於中部地區。大腸桿菌、沙門氏菌及雷氏桿菌在陽性檢出之樣本中，南部地區所占比例比中部地區較高，皆超過50%。在北京鴨、土番鴨與紅面番鴨三種鴨種中，檢出比例最高的皆為大腸桿菌，其次是雷氏桿菌，沙門氏菌最少。使用8種常見水禽用藥進行藥物敏感性試驗，Enrofloxacin、Cephalexin對80%以上的樣本都具有有效性，Colistin、Doxycycline、Flumequine對70%以上的樣本都具有有效性，Sulfamethoxazole+Trimethoprim對50%以上的樣本具有有效性，Amoxicillin、Fluconazole只對40%以上的樣本具有有效性。

關鍵字

鴨；聚合酶連鎖反應；藥物敏感性試驗

並列摘要

The average annual consumption of waterfowl in Taiwan (including ducks and geese) exceeds 38 million, and the market output value exceeds 8 billion NT dollars, mainly in Pingtung County, Changhua County, Yunlin County. The domestic meat ducks are red-faced muscovy ducks, mule ducks and Peking ducks are the main breeds. Among them, Peking ducks have the highest unit price output value. High temperature, hot and humid and rainy, prone to various pathogens and vectors, especially diseases spread through duck excrement such as Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Riemerella anatipestifer, poultry cholera, viral enteritis, etc. The infection patterns and diseases caused by different types of Escherichia coli are different. Common intestinal mucosa injury, diarrhea, urinary tract infection, meningitis, and sepsis are common diseases. On Salmonella, airborne droplets or contaminated food, infection after ingestion, can often cause sepsis, acute enteritis and chronic enteritis. Salmonella is common to humans and animals and can cause serious gastroenteritis, bacteremia, typhoid and other diseases and economic losses in humans and animals. It is still an important public health problem in all countries in the world. Riemerella anatipestifer can cause acute septic infectious diseases of waterfowl, the infection rate is quite high, and it also causes serious mortality. In recent years, duck field clinical trials have not responded as expected to antibiotics, causing bacterial infections and increasing the mortality rate of ducks. I In this study, from January 2018 to December 2019, ducks with clinical symptoms of diarrhea were collected from waterfowl duck farms in central and southern Taiwan as samples, and 360 samples were collected for analysis of the three bacteria at various ages, strains, seasons and The occurrence in the area is detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and bacterial identification and drug sensitivity tests are carried out to understand Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. And Riemerella anatipestifer provides a reference for disease prevention in the presence of ducks. The results showed that Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Riemerella anatipestifer were most prevalent in the young ducks aged 1 to 21 days. Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Riemerella anatipestifer have the highest incidence in summer, followed by autumn, again in spring, and the lowest in winter. The incidence of Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Riemerella anatipestifer in the southern region is higher than that in the central region. Among the positively detected samples of E. coli, Salmonella, and Riemerella anatipestifer, the proportion in the southern region is higher than that in the central region, all exceeding 50%. Among the three types of ducks, Peking duck, mule duck and Red-faced muscovy duck, E. coli was the most detected, followed by Riemerella anatipestifer and Salmonella. Using 8 common waterfowl drugs for drug susceptibility testing, Enrofloxacin and Cephalexin are effective for more than 80% of the samples, Colistin, Doxycycline and Flumequeine are effective for more than 70% of the samples, Sulfamethoxazole + Trimethoprim is effective for more than 50% of the samples. Amoxicillin and Fluconazole are only effective for more than 40% of the samples.