台灣地區包含鴨、鵝之水禽平均年消費量高達3800多萬隻，市場產值高達80億元以上，主要以屏東縣、彰化縣、雲林縣為大宗，國內肉鴨以紅面番鴨、土番鴨以及北京鴨為主要養殖，其中又以北京鴨單價產值最高。高溫炎熱且潮濕多雨，易於各種病原與病媒孳生，特別是經由鴨排泄物散佈的疾病如沙門氏菌症、大腸桿菌、雷氏桿菌、家禽霍亂、病毒性腸炎等。依照大腸桿菌型別不同所造成之感染模式及病症皆有所差異，常見病畜腸道黏膜損傷、下痢、尿道感染、腦膜炎、敗血症。在沙門氏菌上，可由空氣飛沫或污染食物，攝入後感染，常可引發敗血症、急性腸炎及慢性腸炎。沙門氏菌具人畜共通傳染性，可造成人類及動物嚴重的腸胃炎、菌血症及傷寒等疾病與經濟損失，迄今仍為世界各國重要的公共衛生問題。雷氏桿菌會引起水禽的急性敗血性傳染病，感染率相當高，也造成嚴重的死亡率。近年來，鴨隻現場臨床實驗對抗生素使用反應效果不如預期，造成細菌性感染而使鴨隻死亡率上升的問題愈趨嚴重。本研究自2018年1月起至2019年12月收集台灣中部、南部地區之水禽鴨場有下痢臨床病徵的鴨隻為樣本，收集360件樣本進行分析此三種細菌在各年齡、品系、季節及地區的發生情形，利用聚合酶連鎖反應(polymerase chain reaction, PCR)檢測，並進行細菌鑑定及藥物敏感性試驗，以了解大腸桿菌(Escherichia coli)、沙門氏菌(Salmonella spp.)及雷氏桿菌(Riemerella anatipestifer)在鴨隻存在的情況，提供疾病防治之參考。結果顯示大腸桿菌、沙門氏菌及雷氏桿菌皆好發在1日至21日齡的幼鴨比例最高。大腸桿菌、沙門氏菌及雷氏桿菌皆在夏季發生率最高，其次是秋季，再次為春季，而冬季最低。大腸桿菌、沙門氏菌及雷氏桿菌皆在南部地區的發生率高於中部地區。大腸桿菌、沙門氏菌及雷氏桿菌在陽性檢出之樣本中，南部地區所占比例比中部地區較高，皆超過50%。在北京鴨、土番鴨與紅面番鴨三種鴨種中，檢出比例最高的皆為大腸桿菌，其次是雷氏桿菌，沙門氏菌最少。使用8種常見水禽用藥進行藥物敏感性試驗，Enrofloxacin、Cephalexin對80%以上的樣本都具有有效性，Colistin、Doxycycline、Flumequine對70%以上的樣本都具有有效性，Sulfamethoxazole+Trimethoprim對50%以上的樣本具有有效性，Amoxicillin、Fluconazole只對40%以上的樣本具有有效性。

The average annual consumption of waterfowl in Taiwan (including ducks and geese) exceeds 38 million, and the market output value exceeds 8 billion NT dollars, mainly in Pingtung County, Changhua County, Yunlin County. The domestic meat ducks are red-faced muscovy ducks, mule ducks and Peking ducks are the main breeds. Among them, Peking ducks have the highest unit price output value. High temperature, hot and humid and rainy, prone to various pathogens and vectors, especially diseases spread through duck excrement such as Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Riemerella anatipestifer, poultry cholera, viral enteritis, etc. The infection patterns and diseases caused by different types of Escherichia coli are different. Common intestinal mucosa injury, diarrhea, urinary tract infection, meningitis, and sepsis are common diseases. On Salmonella, airborne droplets or contaminated food, infection after ingestion, can often cause sepsis, acute enteritis and chronic enteritis. Salmonella is common to humans and animals and can cause serious gastroenteritis, bacteremia, typhoid and other diseases and economic losses in humans and animals. It is still an important public health problem in all countries in the world. Riemerella anatipestifer can cause acute septic infectious diseases of waterfowl, the infection rate is quite high, and it also causes serious mortality. In recent years, duck field clinical trials have not responded as expected to antibiotics, causing bacterial infections and increasing the mortality rate of ducks. I In this study, from January 2018 to December 2019, ducks with clinical symptoms of diarrhea were collected from waterfowl duck farms in central and southern Taiwan as samples, and 360 samples were collected for analysis of the three bacteria at various ages, strains, seasons and The occurrence in the area is detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and bacterial identification and drug sensitivity tests are carried out to understand Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. And Riemerella anatipestifer provides a reference for disease prevention in the presence of ducks. The results showed that Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Riemerella anatipestifer were most prevalent in the young ducks aged 1 to 21 days. Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Riemerella anatipestifer have the highest incidence in summer, followed by autumn, again in spring, and the lowest in winter. The incidence of Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Riemerella anatipestifer in the southern region is higher than that in the central region. Among the positively detected samples of E. coli, Salmonella, and Riemerella anatipestifer, the proportion in the southern region is higher than that in the central region, all exceeding 50%. Among the three types of ducks, Peking duck, mule duck and Red-faced muscovy duck, E. coli was the most detected, followed by Riemerella anatipestifer and Salmonella. Using 8 common waterfowl drugs for drug susceptibility testing, Enrofloxacin and Cephalexin are effective for more than 80% of the samples, Colistin, Doxycycline and Flumequeine are effective for more than 70% of the samples, Sulfamethoxazole + Trimethoprim is effective for more than 50% of the samples. Amoxicillin and Fluconazole are only effective for more than 40% of the samples.

行政院農業委員會 (2019) 畜禽統計調查結果(108年3季)。行政院農業委員會。 https://agrstat.coa.gov.tw/sdweb/public/book/Book.aspx。
行政院衛生署疾病管制局、中華民國比較病理學會、台灣感染症醫學會 、台灣醫院感染管制學會 (2009) 人畜共通傳染病臨床指引(第二版) 行政院衛生署疾病管制局，186-191頁。
吳芳姿、王明琴、陳豪勇 (2005) 台灣地區腹瀉型病原性大腸桿菌流行概況分析。疫情報導 21:770-788。
李雁鈴 (2004) 台灣地區Riemerella anatipestifer質體核酸序列分析與抗藥性基因檢測應用 國立中興大學，台中。
杜蔷、徐士忠、彭海凌 (1997) 禽大腸桿菌病的危害及診斷。中國家禽 9:20。
林志勳、張聰洲、許振忠、劉朝鑫 (2013) 水禽飼養管理與安全用藥手冊。 行政院農業委員會動植物防疫檢疫局。
張惠斌 (2018) 水禽雷氏桿菌症簡介。行政院農業委員會。 https://kmweb.coa.gov.tw/subject/subject.php?id=14094。
喻昭芳 (2010) 水禽雷氏桿菌症菌苗研發有成嘉惠水禽業界。獸醫專訊 1:35-37。
楊欣茹、陳秋麟 (2017) 大腸桿菌症。行政院農業委員會家畜衛生試驗所禽病診斷輔助系統。 https://birddise.nvri.gov.tw/fmodule/disSheet.aspx?id=3iTt9TLkBzY%3d。
齊嘉鈺、王怡惠 (2019) 非傷寒沙門氏菌感染：微生物學、臨床特徵和抗藥性。感染控制雜誌 29:255-264。
劉仲康 (1996) 認識大腸桿菌。科學月刊 322:809-812。
Akond, M. A., S. Alam, S. Hassan and M. Shirin (2009) Antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli isolated from poultry and poultry environment of Bangladesh. Int J Food Safety 11:19-23.
Amit-Romach, E., D. Sklan and Z. Uni (2004) Microflora ecology of the chicken intestine using 16S ribosomal DNA primers. Poult Sci 83:1093-1098.
Baldini, M. M., J. P. Nataro and J. B. Kaper (1986) Localization of a determinant for HEp-2 adherence by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. Infect Immun 52:334-336.
Baudry, B., S. J. Savarino, P. Vial, J. B. Kaper and M. M. Levine (1990) A sensitive and specific DNA probe to identify enteroaggregative Escherichia coli, a recently discovered diarrheal pathogen. J Infect Dis 161:1249-1251.
Bishop, A. L., G. Dougan and S. Baker (2006) The Salmonella genome: a global view. Salmonella infections : clinical, immunological and molecular aspects, 1st edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 117-145pp.
Brenner, F. W., R. G. Villar, F. J. Angulo, R. Tauxe and B. Swaminathan (2000) Salmonella nomenclature. J Clin Microbiol 38:2465-2467.
Brogden, K. A., K. R. Rhoades and R. B. Rimler (1982) Serologic types and physiologic characteristics of 46 avian Pasteurella anatipestifer cultures. Avian Dis 26:891-896.
Buxton, A. (1957) Salmonellosis in animals. Review series No.5 of the Common wealth Bureau of Animal Health. Farnham Royal, Bucks, England. 50-51pp.
Candrian, U., B. Furrer, C. Hofelein, R. Meyer, M. Jermini and J. Luthy (1991) Detection of Escherichia coli and identification of enterotoxigenic strains by primer-directed enzymatic amplification of specific DNA sequences. Int J Food Microbiol 12:339-351.
Chang, C. F. (1984) Pathogenesis of Pasteurella anatipestifer infection in ducks and drug sensitivity. Taiwan J Vet Med Anim Hus 43:40-46.
Chang, F. F., C. C. Chen, S. H. Wang and C. L. Chen (2019) Epidemiology and Antibiogram of Riemerella Anatipestifer Isolated from Waterfowl Slaughterhouses in Taiwan. J Vet Res 63:79-86.
Chen, C. L., S. T. Wang, C. Chu and S. H. Wang (2015) Comparison of four molecular typing methods for Riemerella anatipestifer. Taiwan Vet J 41:177–185.
Cohen, N. D., L. J. Martin, R. B. Simpson, D. E. Wallis and H. L. Neibergs (1996) Comparison of polymerase chain reaction and microbiological culture for detection of salmonellae in equine feces and environmental samples. Am J Vet Res 57:780-786.
Cohen, N. D., D. E. Wallis, H. L. Neibergs, A. P. McElroy, E. D. McGruder, J. R. DeLoach, D. E. Corrier and B. M. Hargis (1994) Comparison of the polymerase chain reaction using genus-specific oligonucleotide primers and microbiologic culture for the detection of Salmonella in drag-swabs from poultry houses. Poult Sci 73:1276-1281.
DuPont, H. L., S. B. Formal, R. B. Hornick, M. J. Snyder, J. P. Libonati, D. G. Sheahan, E. H. LaBrec and J. P. Kalas (1971) Pathogenesis of Escherichia coli diarrhea. N Engl J Med 285:1-9.
Grimont, P. A. D., F. Grimont and P. Bouvet (2000) Taxonomy of the genus Salmonella, vol 1. Salmonella in domestic animals. CABI.
Guthrie, R. K. (2017) Control of Salmonella Spread. Salmonella, 1st edn. CRC Press, Boca Raton.
Heddleston, K. L., M. S. Hofstad, B. W. Calnek and H. E. Biester (1972) Diseases of Poultry. American Association of Avian Pathologists, Iowa State University Press, Ames. 246-251pp.
Hess, C., H. Enichlmayr, D. Jandreski-Cvetkovic, D. Liebhart, I. Bilic and M. Hess (2013) Riemerella anatipestifer outbreaks in commercial goose flocks and identification of isolates by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Avian Pathol 42:151-156.
Hole, N. (1932) Salmonella Infections in Ducklings. J Comp Pathol Ther 45:161-171.
Holt, P. S. and L. H. Chaubal (1997) Detection of motility and putative synthesis of flagellar proteins in Salmonella pullorum cultures. J Clin Microbiol 35:1016-1020.
Huang, C. C. (2008) The natural transmission, serotypes, antimicrobial susceptibility of Riemerella anatipestifer and combinational infection with circoviruses in waterfowl. National Chiayi University, Chiayi.
Humphrey, T. J., A. Whitehead, A. H. Gawler, A. Henley and B. Rowe (1991) Numbers of Salmonella enteritidis in the contents of naturally contaminated hens' eggs. Epidemiol Infect 106:489-496.
Jay, J. M. (1992) Modern food microbiology, vol 4. Foodborne gastroenteritis caused by Salmonella, shigella, and Escherichia. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.
Joya, J. E., T. Tsuji, A. V. Jacalne, M. Arita, T. Tsukamoto, T. Honda and T. Miwatani (1990) Demonstration of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in diarrheic broiler chicks. Eur J Epidemiol 6:88-90.
Kampelmacher, E. H. (1983) Salmonellosis as a cause of food poisoning. Method of prevention aimed at reducing the incidence of Salmonella and standards for harmonization of detection methods. Rev Sci Tech Off Int Eiz 2:941-958.
Karmali, M. A., M. Petric, C. Lim, P. C. Fleming, G. S. Arbus and H. Lior (1985) The association between idiopathic hemolytic uremic syndrome and infection by verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli. J Infect Dis 151:775-782.
Karmali, M. A., B. T. Steele, M. Petric and C. Lim (1983) Sporadic cases of haemolytic-uraemic syndrome associated with faecal cytotoxin and cytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli in stools. Lancet 1:619-620.
Khan, A. A., M. S. Nawaz, S. A. Khan and C. E. Cerniglia (2000) Detection of multidrug-resistant Salmonella typhimurium DT104 by multiplex polymerase chain reaction. FEMS Microbiol Lett 182:355-360.
Kim, A. Y., M. B. Goldberg and R. H. Rubin (eds) (2004) Salmonella infections. p. Pages. In: Gorbach SL, Bartlett JG, Blacklow NR (eds.) Infectious diseases., 3rd edn. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia.
Labrec, E. H., H. Schneider, T. J. Magnani and S. B. Formal (1964) Epithelial cell penetration as an essential step in the pathogenesis of bacillary dysentery. J Bacteriol 88:1503-1518.
Leavitt, S. and M. Ayroud (1997) Riemerella anatipestifer infection of domestic ducklings. Can Vet J 38:113.
Levine, M. M. (1987) Escherichia coli that cause diarrhea: enterotoxigenic, enteropathogenic, enteroinvasive, enterohemorrhagic, and enteroadherent. J Infect Dis 155:377-389.
Levine, M. M. (1987) Escherichia coli that cause diarrhea: enterotoxigenic, enteropathogenic, enteroinvasive, enterohemorrhagic, and enteroadherent. J Infect Dis 155:377-389.
Loh, H., T. P. Teo and H. C. Tan (1992) Serotypes of 'Pasteurella' anatipestifer isolates from ducks in Singapore: a proposal of new serotypes. Avian Pathol 21:453-459.
Mann, E. D. and G. D. McNabb (1984) Prevalence of Salmonella contamination in market-ready geese in Manitoba. Avian Dis 28:978-983.
Nataro, J. P. and J. B. Kaper (1998) Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli. Clin Microbiol Rev 11:142-201.
Nataro, J. P. and J. Martinez (1998) Diagnosisand Investigation of Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli. Methods Mol Med 15:387-406.
Okamura, M., Y. Kamijima, T. Miyamoto, H. Tani, K. Sasai and E. Baba (2001) Differences among six Salmonella serovars in abilities to colonize reproductive organs and to contaminate eggs in laying hens. Avian Dis 45:61-69.
Orskov, F., I. Orskov and J. A. Villar (1987) Cattle as reservoir of verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7. Lancet 2:276.
Pathanasophon, P., T. Sawada and T. Tanticharoenyos (1995) New serotypes of Riemerella anatipestifer isolated from ducks in Thailand. Avian Pathol 24:195-199.
Phonvisay, M., J. J. Liou, L. T. Cheng, Y. P. Chen, H. C. Wu, C. H. Liu, J. W. Lee and C. Y. Chu (2017) Survey of a Riemerella anatipestifer outbreak in southern taiwan duck farms. Taiwan Vet J 43:165-170.
Pourbakhsh, S. A. and J. M. Fairbrother (1994) Purification and characterization of P fimbriae from an Escherichia coli strain isolated from a septicemic turkey. FEMS Microbiol Letters 122:313-318.
Price, J. I., r. E. Dougherty and D. W. Bruner (1962) Salmonella Infections in White Pekin duck. A Short Summary of the Years 1950-60. Avian Dis 6:145-147.
Raue, R., V. Schmidt, M. Freick, B. Reinhardt, R. Johne, L. Kamphausen, E. F. Kaleta, H. Müller and M.-E. Krautwald-Junghanns (2005) A disease complex associated with pigeon circovirus infection, young pigeon disease syndrome. Avian Pathol 34:418-425.
Robins-Browne, R. M. (1987) Traditional enteropathogenic Escherichia coli of infantile diarrhea. Rev Infect Dis 9:28-53.
Rowe, B. (1979) The role of Escherichia coli in gastroenteritis. Clin Gastroenterol 8:625-644.
Sandhu, T. S., Y. M. Saif, H. J. Barnes, J. R. Glisson, A. M. Fadly, L. R. McDougald and D. E. Swayne (2003) Diseases of poultry. 11th edn. Iowa State Press, Ames, Iowa. 676–682pp.
Sansonetti, P. J., D. J. Kopecko and S. B. Formal (1982) Involvement of a plasmid in the invasive ability of Shigella flexneri. Infect Immun 35:852-860.
Savarino, S. J., A. McVeigh, J. Watson, A. Cravioto, J. Molina, P. Echeverria, M. K. Bhan, M. M. Levine and A. Fasano (1996) Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin is not restricted to enteroaggregative E. coli. J Infect Dis 173:1019-1022.
Scaletsky, I. C., M. L. Silva and L. R. Trabulsi (1984) Distinctive patterns of adherence of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli to HeLa cells. Infect Immun 45:534-536.
Schmidt, H., C. Knop, S. Franke, S. Aleksic, J. Heesemann and H. Karch (1995) Development of PCR for screening of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli. J Clin Microbiol 33:701-705.
Takaya, A., M. Suzuki, H. Matsui, T. Tomoyasu, H. Sashinami, A. Nakane and T. Yamamoto (2003) Lon, a stress-induced ATP-dependent protease, is critically important for systemic Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium infection of mice. Infect Immun 71:690-696.
Tsai, H. J., Y. T. Liu, C. S. Tseng and M. J. Pan (2005) Genetic variation of the ompA and 16S rRNA genes of Riemerella anatipestifer. Avian Pathol 34:55-64.
Tzipori, S., K. I. Wachsmuth, J. Smithers and C. Jackson (1988) Studies in gnotobiotic piglets on non-O157:H7 Escherichia coli serotypes isolated from patients with hemorrhagic colitis. Gastroenterology 94:590-597.
Uddin, J., K. Hossain, S. Hossain, K. Saha, F. T. Jubyda, R. Haque, B. Billah, A. A. Talukder, A. K. Parvez and S. K. Dey (2019) Bacteriological assessments of foodborne pathogens in poultry meat at different super shops in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Ital J Food Saf 8:6720-6720.
Wolf, M. K. (1997) Occurrence, distribution, and associations of O and H serogroups, colonization factor antigens, and toxins of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Clin Microbiol Rev 10:569-584.
Wray, C. (1994) Mammalian salmonellosis. Handbook of zoonoses, 2nd edn. CRC Press, Boca Raton.
Yamamoto, T., Y. Koyama, M. Matsumoto, E. Sonoda, S. Nakayama, M. Uchimura, W. Paveenkittiporn, K. Tamura, T. Yokota and P. Echeverria (1992) Localized, aggregative, and diffuse adherence to HeLa cells, plastic, and human small intestines by Escherichia coli isolated from patients with diarrhea. J Infect Dis 166:1295-1310.
Yu, C. Y., Y. W. Liu, S. J. Chou, M. R. Chao, B. C. Weng, J. G. Tsay, C. H. Chiu, C. Ching Wu, T. Long Lin, C. C. Chang and C. Chu (2008) Genomic diversity and molecular differentiation of Riemerella anatipestifer associated with eight outbreaks in five farms. Avian Pathol 37:273-279.