芳苑地區大杓鷸（Numenius arquata）度冬期的時空分佈與遷徙路徑

台灣沿海地區為大杓鷸（Numenius arquata）在東亞-澳遷徙上的重要度冬地之一，但目前對於其度冬地棲地利用方式，以及遷徙資訊尚未有較全面的掌握，本研究透過衛星追蹤了解大杓鷸在台灣度冬的棲地利用情形，提供台灣地區大杓鷸棲地經營管理依據與日後的保育策略擬定，以及大杓鷸在東亞澳遷徙線上的活動情形。本研究自2019年至2021年在彰化芳苑繫放8隻大杓鷸，並以太陽能衛星發報器進行追蹤。結果顯示在度冬期間，大杓鷸的活動範圍都局限在彰化芳苑鄉至大城鄉沿海區域，平均度冬天數為103.0±113.3天，平均定位點數為461.0±322.4個，於度冬期間的平均活動範圍分別為48.4± 22.3 km²（MCP 100%）、 39.1±9.0km²（AKDE 95%）及8.7±2.9 km²（AKDE 50%）。在度冬地中大杓鷸主要會利用潮間帶泥灘地、高灘地及養殖魚塭三種不同類型的棲地，並且於各棲地類型的使用頻度，在不同潮汐下和日夜之間均達到顯著差異。8隻大杓鷸的AKDE 95% 活動範圍內的實際定位點與西濱快速公路的平均距離為2.30公里（SD=1.95 , n=3,256），與陸域風機的平均距離為3.34公里（SD=1.80, n=3,256）。比較大杓鷸活動範圍內的實際定位點、環境隨機定位點與潛在干擾因子（陸域風力發電機、西濱快速公路）之間的最近距離有無差異。結果顯示實際定位點、環境隨機定位點與陸域風力發電機之距離並無顯著差異（p=0.406）；與西濱快速公路之距離則達到顯著差異（p＜0.001）。繫放的八隻大杓鷸個體中有三隻在台灣斷訊，其餘五隻個體於春季（range=2/29-3/27）間陸續從度冬地啟程進行北返遷徙，在北返遷徙路徑上平均停留2.4處中繼站（SD=0.8 , range=1-3處），每隻個體在中繼站平均停留33.7天（SD=55.2 , range=6-214.6天），總遷徙距離平均為3,921.1公里（rang=1982.4-5882.4公里），所有個體在北返遷徙行程途中皆在黃海、渤海灣一帶沿岸停棲，其中兩隻個體確認抵達俄羅斯東西伯利亞地區進行繁殖。本研究繫放的八隻個體中，最終有兩隻在北返遷徙後，於當年年底再度回到彰化芳苑沿海度冬，表明大杓鷸對於度冬地的棲地忠誠度可能相當高，顯示了台灣沿岸潮間帶灘地對於大杓鷸族群在東亞澳遷徙線上的保育重要性。

關鍵字

大杓鷸；衛星追蹤；棲地利用；遷徙路徑

並列摘要

The coastal area of Taiwan is one of the important wintering ground of Eurasian Curlew（Numenius arquata）in the East Asian-Australasian Flyway（EAAF）, but there is no comprehensive information on its wintering habitat use and migration route. This study uses satellite-tracking to investigated the wintering habitat use of the Eurasian Curlew in Taiwan, to provide a basis for habitat management and future conservation strategies for the Eurasian Curlew in Taiwan, and to provide information on the activities of the Eurasian Curlew along the migration route in EAAF. In this study, we banded eight Eurasian Curlews in FangYuan area, Chang-hua, from 2019 to 2021, and tracked with a solar-powered GPS tags. The average number of wintering days of Eurasian Curlews was 103.0±113.3, and the average number of location points was 461.0±322.4. During the wintering period, the average homerange of Eurasian Curlews was 48.4±22.3 km² (MCP 100%), 39.1±9.0 km² (AKDE 95%) and 8.7±2.9 km² (AKDE 50%). In the wintering ground, the Eurasian Curlews mainly used intertidal mudflats, floodplain and fish farms, and the frequency of use of each habitat type varied significantly at different tides and between day and night. The nearest distance between the actual location points, the random location points and the potential interference factors (land-based wind turbines and the West Coast Expressway) within the homerange of the Eurasian Curlew was compared. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the distance between the actual location points, the random location points and the land-based wind turbines (p=0.406), while the distance from the West Coast Expressway was significantly different (p<0.001). Three out of the eight Eurasian Curlews lost their signal in Taiwan, while the remaining five individuals departed from their wintering ground in spring (range=2/29-3/27) for their northward migration, stopping at an average of 2.4 relay stopover sites (SD=0.8 , range=1-3) on their northward migration route, with each individual staying at a relay stopover site for an average of 33.7 days.The total migration distance averaged 3,921.1 km (rang=1982.4-5882.4 km), and all individuals stopped at the coast of the Yellow Sea and Bohai Bay during their southward migration . Among the eight individuals released in this study, two of them eventually returned to the coast of FangYuan, Chang-hua, at the end of the year to spend the winter again after migrating northward, indicating that the Eurasian Curlew may have high fidelities to their wintering ground, indicating the importance of the intertidal beaches along the coast of Taiwan for the conservation of the Eurasian Curlew population along the migration route in EAAF.