自來水水質致突變性調查研究

Study of Mutation Investigation in Water Supply

吳紘宇(Hung-yu Wu)

指導教授 ： 羅煌木

朝陽科技大學/理工學院/環境工程與管理系/碩士(2010年)

摘要

本研究旨在探討淨水場(板新、豐原、鳳山、福興等)處理前之原水與加氯消毒後之清水中有機物之致突變性與急毒性，針對溶解性有機碳、加氯消毒副產物(三鹵甲烷、鹵乙酸)與環境荷爾蒙(雙酚A、壬基酚)等水中有害物質，以化學定量分析其濃度，並利用生物毒性試驗法包括安姆測試法(Ames test)、姊妹子染色體交換測試法(Sister Chromatid Exchange, SCE)與螢光菌急毒性試驗法(Microtox test)檢測水質是否具有致突變性與急毒性，以建立其具實用性之分析程序，並整合化學與生物各項分析參數，探討自來水中有機物、環境荷爾蒙物質與加氯消毒副產物等之關連性。本研究結果如下:
1. 四個淨水場清水溶解性有機碳(DOC)在枯水期其測值為0.201~1.875mg/L，在豐水期其測值為0.296~0.647mg/L。
2. 四個淨水場清水三鹵甲烷(THMs)在枯水期其測值分別為氯仿<0.80~6.38μg/L、一溴二氯甲烷<0.80~2.75μg/L、二溴一氯甲烷<0.80~1.38μg/L、溴仿<0.80μg/L; 在豐水期其測值分別為氯仿<0.40~9.60μg/L、一溴二氯甲烷<0.40~4.95μg/L、二溴一氯甲烷<0.40~4.96μg/L、溴仿<0.40~2.05μg/L，皆符合飲用水水質標準80μg/L。
3. 鹵乙酸(HAAs)在枯水期其測值分別為二氯乙酸(DCAA) ND~4.71μg/L、三氯乙酸(TCAA) ND~27.02μg/L，其他則未檢出; 在豐水期其測值分別為二氯乙酸(DCAA) ND~6.50μg/L、三氯乙酸(TCAA) ND~5.22μg/L，其他則未檢出，因國內無其飲用水標準，但檢驗結果皆有符合美國環保署飲用水標準60μg/L。
4. 四個淨水場清水壬基酚(NP)在枯水期其測值為未檢出，在豐水期其測值為未檢出，雙酚A(BPA)在枯水期其測值為<0.005mg/L，在豐水期其測值為<0.005mg/L。
5. 壬基酚（Nonylphenol）、雙酚A（Bisphenol-A）原體不誘發TA98、TA100之致突變；三氯乙酸（CHCl3COOH），溴乙酸（CH2BrCOOH）、二氯乙酸（CHCl2COOH）原體可誘發TA98之單一劑量之致突變性，但對TA100均無致突變性。氯乙酸（CH2ClCOOH）原體對TA98、TA100在特定劑量下可產生突變性，三氯甲烷（CHCl3）、二溴一氯甲烷（CHClBr2）原體對TA98及TA100均不產生致突變性。
6. 壬基酚（Nonylphenol）、雙酚A（Bisphenol-A）原體在濃度<500mg/L時對倉鼠卵細胞之姊妹子染色體無致變異性產生。
7. 2009年枯水期及豐水期之台灣四個自來水淨水場之原、清水利用沙門菌TA98及TA100均不產任何致突變性。
8. 2009年枯水期及豐水期之台灣四個自來水埸之原、清水利用倉鼠細胞之姊妹子染色體交換測試均不產生染色體變異性。
9. 利用螢光偵測儀（Microtox）測試顯示雙酚A及溴化物類原體的毒性較三鹵甲烷以及壬基酚強。
10. 利用螢光偵測儀（Microtox）測試台灣2009年枯水期及豐水期之四個自來水淨水場之原、清水，顯示各淨水場之水質屬於安全範圍內。
11. 本實驗之三種自來水污染物快速檢測法中，以Microtox最為迅速、簡便，其次是安姆氏試驗 ，姊妹子染色體交換法稍微複雜，本實驗建議，自來水生物檢測可利用Microtox方法搭配安姆氏試驗方法，可求得快速、正確之生物檢測結果。

關鍵字

鹵乙酸 ； 雙酚A ； 姊妹子染色體交換測試法 ； 壬基酚 ； 安姆測試法 ； Microtox測試法 ； 鹵甲烷 ； 自來水

並列摘要

This paper aims to investigate the mutation and acute toxicity of raw water and purified water of four water purification station including Ben-Sin, Fong-Yuan, Fong-Shan and Fu-Sing. Chemical analysis of water contained basic parameters, dissolved organic carbon, disinfection by-products of purified water such as trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) and environmental hormones such as Bisphenol A (BPA) and Nonylphenol (NP). On the other hand, biological examination such as Ames test, Sister chromatid exchange (SCE) and Microtox test were conducted to test the potential mutation effects due to the exposure of chemical contaminants potentially exisisting in water. Correlations of chemical contaminants analysis and the biological tests were examined to provide the baseline information for the operation and management of water supply plant. Results of this study were described as follows:
1. DOC was measured to be 0.201~1.875mg/L in the rain scarce season while it was analyzed to be 0.296~0.647 mg/L in the rain rich season respectively.
2. CHCl3, CHCl2Br, CHClBr2 and CHBr3 were <0.80~6.38, <0.80~2.75, <0.80~1.38 and <0.80 μg/L in the rain scarce season while they were <0.40~9.60, <0.40~4.95, <0.40~4.96 and <0.40~2.05 μg/L in the rain rich season respectively. Those measured values all meet the Taiwan regulatory standard of 80μg/L.
3. DCAA and TCAA were ND~4.71 μg/L and ND~27.02 μg/L respectively in the rain scarce season while those were ND~6.50 μg/L and ND~5.22 μg/L in the rain rich season respectively. Other compounds of HAAs were not measured (below MDL) in the study. Measured values meet the US EPA HAAs regulatory standard of 60μg/L although the HAAs standard were not promulgated at present in Taiwan.
4. NP were not found in rain scarce and rain rich season. BPA had lower values less than <0.005 mg/L in rain scarce and rain rich season.
5. NP and BPA did not induce the mutation of TA98 and TA100; CHCl3COOH, CH2BrCOOH and CHCl2COOH compounds could induce the TA98 mutation while it did not induce TA100 mutation. CHCl3 and CHClBr2 did not induce mutation for both TA98 and TA100.
6. NP and BPA less than 500 mg/L did not cause the mutation of Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO).
7. Raw and purified water did not induce TA98 and TA100 mutation in dry and rain rich season in 2009.
8. Raw and purified water did not induce CHO chromosome mutation in the dry and rain rich season in 2009.
9. Microtox test results showed that the toxicity of BPA and Bromide compounds was higher than those of THMs and NP ones.
10. Microtox test of raw and purified water showed that water quality was in the safe range in the rain scarce and rain rich season in 2009.
11. Microtox test was found to be simple and convenient among the three analysis methods. Ames test was the second and SCE was thought to be more complicated and time consuming. It is recommended that the use of Microtox test combined with Ames test could obtain the quick and precise results.

並列關鍵字

HAAs ； NP ； BPA ； Ames test ； SCE assay ； Microtox test ； Water supply ； THMs

參考文獻

台灣省農業藥物毒物試驗所http://www.tactri.gov.tw/index.asp

行政院衛生署藥品非臨床試驗安全性規範，1998。

行政院環境保護署http://www.epa.gov.tw/

行政院環境保護署環境檢驗所http://www.niea.gov.tw/

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