以開放建築理論模擬集合住宅適應全齡化之設計研究

台灣在高齡化與少子化的衝擊下，住戶對於住宅居住空間變動之需求日與俱增。因此，在住宅規劃設計方面，融入無障礙環境與通用設計等概念，創造友善的居住環境，以符合使用者在生命週期各階段之需要。有鑑於此，本研究藉由開放建築理論中之支架體與填充體分離系統及二階段營建概念，並結合無障礙環境與通用設計等觀念作為設計操作的理論基礎，模擬一套集合住宅居住單元適應全齡化變動模式，提供住屋(硬體)與使用者生活需求(軟體)間互動方式。本研究主要分為三個階段進行：第一階段：蒐集相關文獻與國內集合住宅案例，結合無障礙環境與通用設計觀念；瞭解國內集合住宅居住單元演變；第二階段：依開放建築理論，探討國內集合住宅整體系統區別支架體與填充體等二階段營建之可能的變動情形，以順應使用者生命週期各階段之改變；第三階段：透過圖像模擬，探究適應全齡化變動後空間組合，提供終生住宅設計與實務變動參考依據。本研究成果如下：一、經模擬分析可得知，業界各房型集合住宅居住單位均能符合使用者健康期使用，但由健康期邁入障礙期時，部分房型居住單元空間無法適應其變化需求。二、經情境模擬，各房型空間尺寸如下： (一)二房型面寬式：X軸及Y軸分別為1,070公分及705公分以上，室內面積約75.4平方公尺以上為建議值； (二)二房型進深式：X軸及Y軸分別為700公分及980公分以上，室內面積約為71平方公尺以上為建議值； (三)三房型面寬式：X軸及Y軸分別為1,050公分及970公分以上，室內面積約95.5平方公尺以上為建議值； (四)三房型進深式：X軸及Y軸分別為845公分及1,355公分以上，室內面積約95.9平方公尺以上為建議值； (五)四房型面寬式：X軸及Y軸分別為1,200公分及1,035公分以上，室內面積約為118.8平方公尺以上建議值； (六)四房型進深式：X軸及Y軸分別為930公分及1,180公分以上，室內面積約為110.2平方公尺以上建議值。三、住宅居住單位因應全齡化之相關實務居住空間單位在適應全齡化的過程中，於規劃設計階段須導入「無障礙環境」及「通用設計」之原則，以涵容各類群使用者之需求。於實務改造過程中，各房型實際樣本於原格局(健康期)變動至障礙期時，每坪所需經費均以進深式高於面寬式居住單位；而在第二階段(障礙期變動至臥床期)時，於二房型面寬式居住單位，每坪所需經費高於進深式，而三房及四房類型，每坪所需經費均以進深式高於面寬式；四房型居住單位空間單元之填充構件共用程度較二房及三房型高，能有效減低變動之費用及減少廢材之產生。並針對居住單位變動後結果做檢覆並提出建議，提供規劃設計時之參考。

關鍵字

終生住宅；通用設計；無障礙環境；集合住宅；開放建築

並列摘要

Under the influences of aging and declining children in Taiwan, the demand of households' living space variation has also increased. Therefore, the concept of a barrier-free environment and universal design are integrated into the residential planning and design to create a friendly living environment and to suffice the needs of users at various stages of the life cycle. Consequently, this research is based on support and infill separation system and two-stage construction by the open building theory. Hereafter, the concept of a barrier-free environment and universal design are combined as the theoretical basis for design operations. A residential unit is developed to adapt the variation mode of the aging process and provides a means of interaction between the housing (hardware) and the user's living needs (software). The process of this research is mainly divided into three phases: Phase 1: To collect the data from relevant literature and practical case, which included a combination of barrier-free environment and universal design concepts, as well as to understanding the evolution of domestic residential units. Phase 2: Explored the possible changes in the two-stage construction of the support and infill in the overall system of domestic collective residential from the perspective of open building theory, in order to comply with the changes in each phase of the lifecycle. Phase 3: Explored the post-change spatial combination through image simulation to provide a basis of reference for lifetime home design and practical construction, based on previous design results. The results of this study could be found as follows through the analysis and simulation phases: 1.The commercialized residential units are suitable for users in healthy periods. However, these residential units are unable to change the space configuration to suit the requirements of users need, when the users are stepped into the obstacle period from the health period. 2.The recommended values of the space size for each room in the obstacle period and bed-reclined period are described as follows: (1)Front-broad type with two-bedroom: X-axis and Y-axis should be exceeded 1,070 cm and 705 cm, respectively. The indoor area should be more than 75.4 m². (2)In-depth type with two-bedroom: X-axis and Y-axis should be at least or more than 700 cm and 980 cm, respectively. The indoor area should be more than 71 m². (3)Front-broad type with three-bedroom: X-axis and Y-axis should be more than 1,050 cm and 970 cm, respectively. The indoor area should be more than 95.5 m². (4)In-depth type with three-bedroom: X-axis and Y-axis should be at least or more than 845 cm and 1,355 cm, respectively. The indoor area should be more than 95.9 m². (5)Front-broad type with four-bedroom: X-axis and Y-axis should be more than 1,200 cm and 1,035 cm, respectively. The indoor area should be more than 118.8 m². (6)In-depth type with four-bedroom: X-axis and Y-axis should be more than 930 cm, and 1,180 cm, respectively. The indoor area should be more than 110.2 m². 3.Residential units corresponding to the aging: In order to adapt the residential unit to the process of aging the human body, the principle of “barrier free environment” and “universal design” is necessary to implant into the process of planning and design phase. Besides, phase 2 (when the obstacle period changes to the bed-reclined period) demonstrate that the required cost per square meters of the front-broad type with the two-bedroom unit is higher than that of the in-depth type with the two-bedroom unit. Whereas, the required cost per square meters of the three-bedroom and four-bedroom units of the in-depth types are higher than the front-broad type. The sharing border of the filling members for the four-bedroom unit is higher than that of the two-bedroom and three-bedroom units. It could effectively reduce the costs and the reduction of materials waste. On the other hand, the results of the living unit after variations are checked to provide make a suggestion a reference for the user's planning and design.