五足歲幼兒飲食行為之研究—以台中市三所幼兒園為例

The Study on Eating Behavior of 5-year-old Children in Taichung City—Examples of Three Kindergartens

黃曼音(Man-Yin Huang)

指導教授 ： 林楚欣

朝陽科技大學/人文暨社會學院/幼兒保育系/碩士(2013年)

摘要

本研究旨在分析5足歲幼兒飲食行為之現況與背景變項，並探討影響幼兒飲食行為之重要因素，以及瞭解家長與教師在面對幼兒飲食行為問題時之因應策略。以立意取樣抽取台中市3所幼兒園之5足歲幼兒為研究對象，首先採取問卷調查法，發出300份問卷，蒐集幼兒飲食行為之現況資料，有效問卷共計217份，接著藉由飲食行為量表之加總分數，篩選出3位高分組、3位低分組之幼兒，進一步訪談相對應之6位家中照顧者與5位幼兒園教師，以深入了解幼兒個別飲食行為之背景與脈絡，並自訪談內容中歸納其面對幼兒飲食行為問題之因應策略，本研究之結果如下:

一、幼兒在家中整體飲食行為尚佳，其中又以「飲食態度」最佳，「均衡飲食攝取行為」其次，「衛生禮儀行為」最不理想。

二、台中地區5足歲幼兒飲食行為不因幼兒性別、照顧者年齡、照顧者身體質量指數等變項不同而有顯著的差異；但幼兒飲食態度會因幼兒身體質量指數不同而有顯著的差異；且幼兒整體飲食行為與各層面飲食行為皆因照顧者教育程度不同而有顯著差異。

三、幼兒入學後其飲食行為表現多有進步，但飲食行為較不理想之幼兒在家中與在學校的飲食行為仍有不一致的現象。

四、影響幼兒飲食行為因素包括:胎教、出生後的食物供給、角色典範、照顧者教養態度、同儕關係、環境因素、生理因素、心理因素。

五、家庭照顧者在面對幼兒不同飲食問題行為所使用的策略包括:口頭勸說、角色楷模、規範時間、限制供應、懲罰、交換條件、量的協商、用其他食物代替、改變烹調方式、虛誇問題策略、介入餵食等。

六、面對幼兒經常出現的飲食行為問題，老師除了事先建立防護措施，也會以幼兒的身心狀況為出發點來調整策略，包括利用環境佈置、口頭規勸與提醒、敘述規則策略、獎賞、鼓勵、親師溝通、同儕影響、介入餵食、折衷減量、用其他食物代替、技巧性施壓、角色楷模、示範、給予有限的選擇、規範時間等。

最後，依據本研究所獲得之結果，分別對幼兒照顧者、幼教師與未來研究提出建議。

關鍵字

因應策略 ； 幼兒 ； 飲食行為問題

並列摘要

This research aimed at investigating the current eating behavior status of five-year-old children and analyzing variables from the children’s backgrounds, and exploring the major factors that affect the eating behavior of young children, and understanding responsive strategies adopted by caregivers and kindergarteners to cope with children’s eating behavior problems. With purposeful sampling, researcher selected five-year-old children as subjects from three kindergartens in Taichung City. Three hundred questionnaires are distributed to to collect information on the status of the children’s eating behavior. There are a total of 217 valid questionnaires. Followed by analyzing the scores on the scale of eating behavior, and selected three subjects from the high scores and three from low scores. And then interviewing the five teachers involved in the care of the students, along with six caregivers from the abovementioned families in an attempt to comprehend the background and context of each young child’s eating behavior and to conclude which responsive strategies were used to deal with the problematic eating behavior. The results go as follows：

First, overall young children have acceptable eating behavior at home, with “dietary attitude” ranking the best, “balanced dietary consumption” second, while “hygiene and manners” rank last.

Second, among the surveyed five-year-olds in Taichung City, variables such as the gender of the child, the age of the caregivers, and Body Mass Index (referred to hereafter as BMI) of the caregivers were not correlated with the eating behavior of the children, whereas the BMI of the children was highly correlated with their attitudes about diet, and the education level of caregivers had a strong correlation with overall and all levels eating behavior of the children.

Third, most of the children surveyed developed better eating behavior after kindergarten entrance, yet those with less satisfactory eating behavior at home still exhibited inconsistent behavior at school.

Fourth, prenatal education, food supply after birth, role models, the parenting style of caregivers, peer relationships, environment, physical and psychological factors all affected the eating behavior of children.

Fifth, the most common strategies adopted by the surveyed family caregivers to address various dietary problems included admonition, role modeling, introducing time constraints, restricting supply, Punishment, give-and-take, negotiations on quantity of food, food replacements, altered cooking style, asking rhetorical questions and directly feeding.

Sixth, in dealing with the common eating behavior problems, teachers not only took preventive strategies, but adjusted their strategies according to the children’s physical or mental condition. Some strategies included classroom decorations, admonitions or warnings, reminders of the rules, rewards, words of encouragement, parent-teacher communications, peer influence, directly feeding, reducing food quantity, food replacement, adding pressure with skill, role modeling, demonstrations, offering limited choices, introducing time constraints and so forth.

In summary, this study provides suggestions for caregivers and kindergarten teachers and gives recommendations for future research.

並列關鍵字

responsive strategies ； eating behavior problem ； children

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