我國親屬間遺棄罪之研究─司法實證及社會福利觀點之分析

The Empirical Legal Study of Desertion Penalty among Family Members in Taiwan from The Standpoint of Social Welfare

倪正揚(Zheng-Yang Ni)

指導教授 ： 陳竹上

亞洲大學/人文社會學院/社會工作學系碩士班/碩士(2010年)

摘要

我國已在1993年邁入高齡化國家，遺棄老人和兒童的社會問題也層出不窮，在人口老化情形日益嚴重、家庭扶養機能逐漸弱化的台灣社會，對於老人、兒童或其他弱勢家庭成員等無自救力者的照護，已經是社會福利政策中漸趨關鍵之一環，在福利國家理念的影響下，家庭向來所提供的非正式照護也逐漸獲得國家的支持。但是對於失能或無自救力的老人、兒童或其他弱勢家庭成員，究竟應由國家或個人負擔起最終的照護責任，有待就立法實況及司法實務進一步予以釐清，以免第一線從事保護工作之社會福利人員無所適從。本研究在親屬間遺棄判決中發現，在2000至2004年間社政體系最多僅介入遺棄案件的約四分之一上下，但在2005至2008年間社政體系介入情況增至為二分之一上下，則平均每兩件親屬間的遺棄案件，社政體系就會介入一件。研究發現在子女遺棄父母的被告中，因為父母失能或生活無法自理的情境，其高達遺棄情境的80%，在父母遺棄子女的被告中，因為父母的經濟問題或經濟不足導致無能力扶養小孩其佔了57%，而被遺棄的子女身心健全但父母不履行義務其佔了28%，因為未婚生子女導致遺棄子女的情境其佔了9%。遺棄類型與定罪率間之關係而言，父母遺棄子女之定罪率最高，為59%，子女遺棄父母之定罪率則為51%，夫妻間的遺棄定罪率約為33%。在各地方法院遭到定罪的被告中，有獲得緩刑宣告高達61%。若以遺棄類型區分，則子女遺棄父母遭定罪而獲宣告緩刑者占65%，高於父母遺棄子女遭定罪而獲宣告緩刑者之59%，故地方法院期望透過「緩刑的制度」，能「警惕為人子女或父母」知己義務，盡到扶養責任。本研究認為，基於考量福利國家典範、長期照護走向、老人福利法規範及兒童及少年福利法規範以及刑事政策鞏固孝道是否得宜等面向之下，今後關於親屬間遺棄罪之司法裁判應採「具體危險犯理論為宜」，但仍應搭配行政手段以促使扶養義務人履行義務，並「保障家庭經濟安全」、主動關懷「高風險家庭」、建立「村里遺棄通報網」及加速「推動長期照護保險」，以減少親屬間遺棄事件之發生。

關鍵字

遺棄罪 ； 扶養義務 ； 司法實證分析 ； 儒家式福利體制

並列摘要

Taiwan has become an aging society since 1993, the various problems of abandonment of agedness and children have been emergingly concerned. suchas the aged ness and the family maintainable functions, the care to elderly, children or other disadvantaged family members are lacking the self-rescue and self-care ability will be a key link in social welfare policy. Under the influence of welfare state principles, the informal care offered by family has been supported by the government gradually. Notwithstanding, the issue if the government or individual should shoulder the responsibility of care offered to elderly, children or the disadvantaged family members with disabilities or loss of self-rescue ability will be further clarified depending on legislation condition and judicial practice, avoiding the social workers appearing indecisive. From the judgment of abandonment cases among family members, this research has found that social welfare interventions in at most 1/4 of all desertion cases from 2000 to 2004 and in 1/2 from 2005 to 2008, with the intervention of social welfare system in one desertion case for an average of two abandonment cases. Findings of this research show: 80% of the abandonment situation belongs to the abandonment of parents by children, the defendants, arising from the situation of aging or ill parents, 57% of the abandonment situation belongs to the abandonment of children by parents, the defendants, due to parents’ financial problems or poor economic condition leading to their failure to afford to pay support, 28% of the abandonment situation belongs to the abandonment of physically and mentally healthy children by parents failing to fulfill their obligation, and 9% of the abandonment situation belongs to the abandonment of children by unmarried parentsIn view of considering if it is proper to solidify filial piety with the dimensions on models of welfare state, orientation of long-term care, norms of elderly welfare law, norms of children and juvenile welfare law, and criminal policy, this research thinks that judicial adjudication on The Penalty upon Abandonment among Family Members should adopt “Theory of concrete danger in it Proper Notion.” Nonetheless, it shall be operated in coordination with administrative measures to urge the persons bound to furnish support to fulfill the obligation, and ensure “Family economic security,” show increasing concern for “High-risk family,” establish “Reporting system for desertion” and expedite “Promoting long-term care insurance” to reduce the occurrence of The Penalty upon Abandonment among Family Members.

並列關鍵字

Desertion Penalty ； Duty of Support ； Empirical Legal Study ； East-Asia welfare regime

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