長公路隧道大客車火災大量傷患緊急醫療救護對策之研究-以雪山隧道為例

A Research on Mass Casualty Incident Strategies from Bus Fires in Road Tunnels- Taking the Hsuehshan tunnel as an example

蕭力愷(Li-Kai Hsiao)

指導教授 ： 沈子勝

共同指導教授 ： 許文勝

中央警察大學/警察大學/消防科學研究所/碩士(2008年)

摘要

長公路隧道為一特殊的封閉空間，一旦發生火災事故易引起嚴重傷亡，特別是在開放大客車通行之後，更容易因事故而造成大量傷患。因此，本研究探討長隧道發生事故時，大量傷患緊急醫療救護策略之方向與重點，以俾利即時控制災情並減少人員傷亡。雪山隧道為世界第五且亦是台灣最長的長公路隧道，故以雪山隧道發生2輛大客車追撞火災為研究案例，利用FDS軟體模擬隧道通風狀態以及固定式水系統滅火設備放射情形，搭配最不利之可能火災情境，探討避難之用路人、行動不便或待救傷患以及救援人員可能面對的危險環境，並將電腦模擬結果與緊急醫療救護體制進行探討。同時以現行 《國道5號雪山隧道公路事故暨整體防救災應變計畫》以及臺北縣緊急醫療救護體制為基礎，探究隧道大客車火災與緊急醫療救護的潛在問題。
本研究發現，FDS模擬火災的最高釋熱率發生在約8分鐘時。當隧道開啟通風排煙或固定式水系統滅火設備時，能夠發揮防護用路人的效果，尤其在並行運用下，對於隧道本體以及隧道內部人員防護的效果最顯著。其次，建議發生事故時應優先通知隧道自衛消防編組出勤應變，先行建立大量傷患現場控制機制，並回報現場狀況與需要之增援給行控中心，將可有效應變隧道大量傷患事故。最後，建議雪山隧道應建立大量傷患分級通報制度以及救護站、醫療站之部屬機制，以利外部救援單位有所遵循，加快隧道大量傷患事故之應變效率。

關鍵字

隧道火災 ； FDS電腦模擬 ； 大量傷患 ； 緊急醫療救護 ； 固定式水系統滅火設備

並列摘要

Road tunnels are relatively confined spaces. When an accident occurs inside a road tunnel, it will induce a mass casualty incident (MCI). The main goal of this thesis is to discuss the strategy of mass casualty incidents inside road tunnels. The Hsuehshan Tunnel, a 12.93km long tunnel, is the longest road tunnel in Taiwan and the fifth longest tunnel in the world at present. Therefore, this thesis uses the Hsuehshan Tunnel as an example to simulate 2 bus fires inside the tunnel, using a software program called Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS). The worst case simulated in the Hsuehshan Tunnel using a fire scenario, which will affect road users, patients and rescuers, provides a better understanding of the fire environment in road tunnels. The results of the simulation by FDS were compared with Emergency Medical Services (EMS) in Taipei County to find a better solution for MCI in road tunnels.
As a result, the peak of heat release rate of the simulated fire with 2 buses in the Hsuehshan Tunnel happened around 8 minutes. When ventilation and fixed water based fire fighting systems were activated, these provided the best protective effect for road users and rescuers. The self-defense fire brigade of the Hsuehshan Tunnel should respond immediately when accidents happen, establish the EMS control system and report the real situation at the scene to the control center of the tunnel. Finally, the Hsuehshan Tunnel should build an MCI communication system and EMS deployment plan for better MCI responsive efficiency.

並列關鍵字

tunnel fires ； FDS simulation ； Mass Casualty Incident ； Emergency Medical Services ； Fixed Water based Fire Fighting System

參考文獻

1. A.H. Buchanan, Fire Engineering Design Guide, Centre for Advanced Engineering, University of Canterbury, New Zealand, 1994.

2. Albertsson, P. etc., “Is There a Pattern in European Bus and Coach Incidents? A Literature Analysis with Special Focus on Injury Causation and Injury Mechanisms,” Accident Analysis and Prevention, 2005.

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6. Bari, S. etc., “Simulation of Smoke from a Burning Vehicle and Pollution Levels Caused by Traffic Jam in a Road Tunnel,” Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2005.

17. Fire Protection Handbook, 19th ed., National Fire Protection Association, 2003.