英華對比語法與翻譯教學

林崢嶸

《翻譯學研究集刊》 4輯 (1999/12) Pp. 225-263

摘要

翻譯本來就是兩語間的轉換；此兩語間對比的結果對「得意而不忘形」的翻譯所能做出的貢獻以及可以應用到翻譯教學上是不辯而自明的。在此語法包括字句以至於言談篇章的結構，語用以及語意。兩語之間相同的程度越高，翻譯的難度就越低；因此本文擬重英華之間明顯相異的文法點闡釋對比分析的結果對翻譯教學可能的供獻。因限於篇幅，本文擬就話題＋評述（Topic-Comment）與主語＋述語（Subject-Predicate）這個文法點加以闡釋，其他的文法點暫不討論。從事翻譯教學、翻譯工作或翻譯研習過中，我們都感覺到英文句構以主詞加述語為主，可是中文在主詞加述語的微句（micro-sentence）前面常有話題（topic），如碗我已經洗了，這個碗字就是微句我已經洗了的話題，而碗我已經洗了就構成話題加評述的宏句（macro-sentence）。譯為I'vealready washed the dishes 而不逐字譯為（Dishes I have washed，可見重組是必要的。又如這梱房子，坐北朝南，冬暖夏涼，這房子即此句的話題，可視為Facing the south, this house is warm in winter and cool in summer.當然很少譯者會逐字翻譯而不加以重組的，但教學時教師有責任引導學生探討英華句構的不同，進而闡明為何重組是必要的。此項探討可能就翻譯此句型找出翻譯的方法。

關鍵字

話題（主題）；對比分析；話題化；翻譯數字；翻譯教學；受詞話題化；宏句；評述；微句；主詞；倒裝；述語（謂語）

並列摘要

Since translation is the conversion between two languages, it is selfexplanatory that the results of contrastive analysis of grammars can have a great deal of contributions to translation education and translation per se for both of which to take good care of not only meaning but also form. Grammar in this paper includes morpho-syntactic and discourse structures, meaning or semantics as wen as pragmatics. As translators an know, the more similar in structures and functions between the two languages involved, the more easy they are to translate. Emphasis therefore will be put on analyzing the differences and applying the results to translation. Concentration will be on the grammar points of topic-comment andsubject-predicate constructions. Both students and teachers of translation aswell as translators may have sensed that the typical structure of Englishsentences is subject followed by predicate(micro-sentence), while Chineseoften has a topic before the micro-sentence; for example,碗我己經洗了，in which 碗 is the topic of micro-sentence 我已經洗了 which in turn comments on the topic, and the topic being follwed by the comment has formed a macro-sentence. Translating this sentence into English involvesreorganizing the T-C into the S-P construction as: I have washed the dishes.Another example, 這棟房子，坐北朝南，冬暖夏涼，這棟房子 is the topic of this sentence, and 坐北朝南，冬暖夏涼 comment on the topic This sentence can be translated as: Facing the south, this house is warm in winter and cool in summer. Although no translator would render it word by word without reorganizing the word order, translation teachers have the obligation of explaining the differences between Chinese and English so as to justify the reason for reorganization. This endeavor, I hope, could find a method of translating these grammar points involving Chinese and English.

並列關鍵字

Topic；contrastive analysis；topicalize；teaching translation；topicalized object；macro-sentence；comment；micro-sentence；subject；transposed；inverted；predicate