並列摘要
Hypokalemia, the most commonly encountered electrolyte disorder, is often overlooked and leads to severe, even fatal, consequences, such as cardiac arrhythmia and respiratory failure. In this review, we introduce the normal regulations of potassium (K^+) homeostasis. Hypokalemia is mainly resulted from disturbing transcellular K^+ shifting, urinary K^+ secretion in aldosterone-sensitive distal nephron or intestinal K^+ absorption, and the etiologies of hypokalemia can be categorized into K^+ shifting and K^+ wasting disorders. We provide several important tips in history inquiry, physical exam, and interpretations of plasma acid-base state, renin, aldosterone, cortisol, and urinary K^+, sodium, and chloride excretions to achieve a prompt differential diagnosis. At last, the general principles of therapy and specific treatments to each disorder are discussed.
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