臺灣「竹馬陣」南管音樂轉化現象之探析

臺灣臺南市新營區土庫里土安宮「竹馬陣」團，為臺灣唯一的竹馬陣團體。依其表演性質和內容可分為藝陣和小戲兩種類型。由於其表演角色分別以十二生肖呈現，有其獨特風格，亦為中國所僅見，因此極具藝術文化之特殊性與意義價值。竹馬陣團的「竹馬戲」表演藝術為我國戲曲類型中之「小戲」，該團的表演除了娛樂之功能外，尚有宗教驅邪意義，因此受到當地人重視，並予以極高之評價。「竹馬陣」音樂有閩南一帶流行的民歌曲調，以及轉化後的南管音樂，使其民間色彩中具有雅化的藝術特質。伴奏樂器以大廣弦、三弦、笛等文場為主，行進表演時也用到武場打擊樂器，並經常以邊歌邊舞的踏謠形式演出，極具地方特色。本文分別從其藝陣表演形式、音樂曲體結構、音樂形式、十二生肖調弄等面向，探析竹馬陣應用南管音樂配合戲曲故事情節，轉化為民間表演藝術的現象。筆者透過田野調查、資料比對、分析和訪談法，對於「竹馬陣」表演和經典劇目之音樂進行探究，期望能對於臺灣特有的竹馬陣音樂予以記錄保存，並提供給該團體以及相關研究者參考。

關鍵字

竹馬陣；竹馬戲；小戲；南管音樂；十二生肖弄

並列摘要

The Zu Ma Zhen troupe from Tu-an Temple, Tu-ku Village, Xin-ying District, Tainan City, Taiwan, is the only acting troupe that performs Zu Ma Zhen in Taiwan. Based on the features and contents of the performance, Zu Ma Zhen could be divided into two types: an art formation and xiao-xi (a skit). The characters are twelve animals from the Chinese zodiac, which is unique and only to be found here, making Zu Ma Zhen rich with distinctiveness and value of art and culture. Zu Ma Xi performed by the Zu Ma Zhen troupe is categorized as a xiao-xi in the Chinese traditional drama. Apart from its being entertaining, the performance is also seen as a religious exorcising ritual. Local people look up to the performance a lot and value it with respect. Music used in Zu Ma Zhen is partially from popular folk tunes in Min-nan and converted Nanguan music, which enriches this folk art with a tint of artistic quality. The accompanying instruments are mainly the Wen-chang instruments: a Daguangxian, Sanxian and bamboo flute. When acting, some Wu-chang percussion instruments might be used as well. The form is usually in the way of Ta-yao, a performance of singing, stepping and dancing at the same time, which is rich with local color and flavor. This paper will analyze starting from the acting form of the art formation, the structure of the music tunes, the musical form, and the presentation of twelve animals from the Chinese zodiac, and then discuss how Nanguan music has been applied to adapt to the plot and converted itself to a folk art. The research methods would be the field investigation, comparison and analysis on data and materials, and conducting interviews. By doing research and study on Zu Ma Zhen and its classic music tunes, hopefully I could contribute toward documenting the music in Zu Ma Zhen, and offer a reference for the troupe and anyone who is interested in this research.