Sport, Socialism and the Chinese Cultural Revolution, 1949-1978

體育運動、社會主義與中國文化大革命：1949-1978

黃東治(Tony Dong-Jhy Hwang)

《中原學報》 33卷4期 (2005/12) Pp. 783-800

https://doi.org/10.6358/JCYU.200512.0783

摘要

本論文在探討中國的體育運動在1949和1978年之間獨特的發展階段。在此階段馬列主義深深影響毛澤東的社會主義和文化大革命。在中華人民共和國的建國初期，毛澤東的新民主主義概念提供了體育運動發展的方向。特別是新民主主義的體育文化涵蓋了三個領域：民族的、科學的和群眾的。實際上，新民主主義的體育文化是來自於毛澤東思想的空泛理論，無法成為新中國體育運動的具體政策或體系。因此，中華人民共和國在初期得學習蘇聯的體育運動經驗。然而，毛澤東在1957年的大躍進中，開始質疑蘇聯模式並野心勃勃的致力於短期內超越西方資本主義國家。在此時期，由於虛浮的報告、過高的目標、誇大其詞和形式主義等趨勢造成了體育運動的發展受挫。另一方面，大躍進引起的飢荒也影響體育運動的發展。從1963到1966年的文化大革命前夕，菁英和群眾的體育運動發展仍受到共產黨的「修正主義」、「反革命份子」、「走資派」等政治觀點的影響。總之，從1949到1976年的毛澤東時期，中國的體育運動發展有三個主要階段：（一）從1949到1957年，毛澤東建立了新中國並建立了新體育文化；（二）從1957到1966年，在大躍進和社會主義教育運動時期，中國建立全國體系推展體育運動；以及（三）在文化大革命時期，體育運動的發展分別在1966-1969年和1974-1976年受到挫折。

關鍵字

中國文化大革命 ； 社會主義 ； 體育運動

並列摘要

This paper examines a very distinctive stage of the development of Chinese sport between 1949 and 1978. It was a stage of Mao's socialism and the Cultural Revolution which was influenced by Marxism-Leninism. Mao's notion of the ”New Democracy” provided direction to sports development in the early stages of the People's Republic. In particular, the New Democracy of physical culture contained three spheres-national, scientific and mass. In fact, the New Democratic physical culture was an empty theory from Mao's thoughts which could not become a sports policy or system in the New China. Therefore, China learned sport from Soviet experience which was one of options open to it at the early stage. However, Mao questioned the Soviet model and ambitiously aimed to overtake the capitalist West in a short time as part of the radical Great Leap Forward in 1957. During the Great Leap Forward, sport was set back on account of the tendency to report untruthfully, to over-ambitions, exaggeration and formalism. On the other hand, the disaster of famine caused by the Great Leap Forward also influenced sports development. During the pre-Cultural Revolution period from 1963 to 1966, both elite and mass sports developed while ”revisionist”, ”counterrevolutionary” and ”capitalist roader” views still held political sway in the Party. To sum up, during the Maoist era 1949-1976, sports development went through three stages: (i) Mao built a new China and tried to establish a New physical culture, 1949-1957; (ii) during the Great Leap Forward and the Socialist Education Movement, China established a nationwide system to promote sports, 1957-1966; and (iii) in the Cultural Revolution, sports were discontinued twice-1966-1969 and 1974-1976.

並列關鍵字

Chinese Cultural Revolution ； Socialism ； Sport