論紹興朝的皇子教育和孝宗政局

The Princes' Education in Time of Shawshing and the Government of Song Shau Tzong

王明(Ming Wang)

《通識研究集刊》 7期 (2005/06) Pp. 117-158

https://doi.org/10.6488/JCGE.200506.0117

摘要

宋代皇子教育始自仁宗時代，行之有年，原本並不特別。但隨著孝宗入繼大統的過程漫長曲折，連帶使南宋初年的皇子教育扮演了相當重要的角色。孝宗，原名伯琮，本為太祖七世孫，因高宗的惟一子嗣死亡，才有機會入宮，而與伯玖，同樣成為高宗養子。
他身處宮中，小心翼翼，憑藉長期對高宗的順從，對教授的尊敬，自己的勤奮向學，高度的自制能力，以及成年之後種種令高宗留下深刻印象的表現。剛進宮時，外表並不突出，腦筋也並不靈光，但經過長期教育的薰陶，脫胎換骨，而成極為出色的青年。經過高宗兩次測試，到紹興三十年時，確定立其為皇太子。紹興時期的皇子教育，從紹興五年到紹興三十二年六月，孝宗受禪為止，長達二十七年。宰相趙鼎於宮內建立「資善堂」，分別由范沖、朱震兼任翊善、贊讀，兩人皆為一時之選。其後實際兼任教授的，在職稱上有：「翊善」、「贊讀」「教授」「小學教授」「直講」等名稱。師資的選擇，並無明文的標準，學問、品德應是高宗優先考慮的條件，個性莊重沉穩、忠誠可靠也很重要。但在紹興年間的三十一位教授，其中超過三分之一由秦檜的介入而中選。高宗要求皇子從尊敬教授做起，透過「設拜」建立師尊，教授的權威才能建立。教授擁有權威，對學生方容易管教，孝宗從孩提時代就受到訓練要求尊敬教授，進而轉化為服從，從對教授的服從，更增強對高宗的順從，教育的功能才得以發揮，進而達成高宗教育皇子的重要目標。
皇子教育按伯琮封爵的改變，分為三期：1.建國公時期；2.普安郡王時期；3.建王時期。大體上，皇子教育以「經術仁義」、「古今治亂」、「道德文章」等為主要內容外，也常有非正式的機會教育，只要和皇子相關之事務，教授仍可提出參考意見，而往往在關鍵時刻發揮極大的效果。史浩就好幾次在緊要關頭上提出看法，無形中幫助孝宗登上寶座。曾任皇子教授的數十人裹，不乏受到孝宗重用與禮遇者。其中陳俊卿、史浩位極宰相，貢獻良多。黃中官至兵部尚書，王剛中知樞密院事，錢周材官至朝議大夫，劉章權史部尚書兼給事中，張闡官拜工部尚書，王十朋累遷至侍御史、遍歷地方官。孝宗均對其禮遇有加，顯示對舊學念念不忘，他們也不負期望，對孝宗朝政貢獻智慧，一展長才。

關鍵字

宋高宗 ； 宋孝宗 ； 皇子教育 ； 資善堂 ； 王府教授

並列摘要

The education for princes in Song Dynasty had had a long history. However, it was not particularly special compared to other types of education since the time of Song Ren Tzong. Nevertheless, as a result of the prolonged and problematic process of crowning for Song Shau Tzong, the education for princes in the early years of the Southern Song Dynasty started to play a significant role in the Southern Song dynasty. Song Shau Tzong, who was originally referred to as Bo Cong, used to be the grandson seven times removed of Song Tay Tzuu. On account of Song Gau Tzong's only son's death, Song Shau Tzong, as well as Bo Jiu, had the chance to enter the palace, and to become adopted sons to Song Gau Tzong.
Song Shau Tzong was constantly cautious and dealt with everything with discretion. With his long-term obedience towards Song Gau Tzong, the respect that he had towards his teachers, his industrious attitude in learning, his high self-disciplinary, as well as many other behaviors of his after having reached adulthood, he certainly impressed Song Gau Tzong.
Song Shau Tzong was neither particularly good-looking, nor brilliant intelligent when he first entered the palace. Nonetheless, after having received the long-term education, he transformed into an extremely bright young man. He was tested by Song Gau Tzong for two times, and then was selected as the crown prince in the 30(superscript th) Shawshing year. The education for the crown prince in the time of Shawshing lasted 27 years, which started from the 5(superscript th) Shawshing year to the June in the 32(superscript nd) Shawshing year, when Song Shau Tzong received Shou Chan. The prime minister Chao Ding established ”Ci Shan Tang” in the palace, and appointed Fan Chong and Chu Cheng as the ”Li Shan” and ”Can Du”. Those two people were the very best scholars of the time. After them, the people who taught in ”Ci Shan Tang” were also referred to as ”Li Shan”, ”Can Du”, ”teachers”, ”Hsiao Xueh Professors”, and ”Chi Jiang”. There were no regulations regarding the selection of teachers. The amount of erudition, as well as the moral character, was the first two qualities that Song Gau Tzong would consider, for dignity and faithfulness were also very important characters. In spite of this, amongst the 31 teachers in the time of Shawshing, more than one third were actually chosen through the intervention of Kuay Chyn. Song Gau Tzong began the princes' education by requiring them to respect their teachers. He believed that through ”She Bai” the respects for the teachers would be established, which would give the teachers the authority, and thus the students would be easier to teach. Therefore, Song Shau Tzong was trained to respect the teachers at a young age, and the respect had transformed into obedience. The obedience towards the teachers then strengthened the obedience towards Song Gau Tzong, and then the function of education started to become influential, which was the main goal for Song Gau Tzong's education for the princes.
According to the changes of Bo Cong's promotion to a prince, the education for princes could be divided into three stages: 1. the time of Jian Guo Gong; 2.the time of Pu An Provincial Emperor; 3. the time of Jian Wang.
Apart from learning from topics on ”benevolence and righteousness”, ”running countries of the past and the present”, and ”articles on morality”, there were also unofficial occasional educations included in the education for princes. As long as a matter is somewhat related to the princes, the teachers were allowed to provide referencing opinions, which had always brought crucial effects at critical moments. Shi Hao, for instance, provided his opinions regarding things in many critical moments, and had virtually facilitated the crowing of Song Shau Tzong.
Amongst the several tens of people who taught the princes, quite a few of them were trusted and appointed of important positions by Song Shau Tzong. In particular, Chen Jun-ching and Shi Hao were appointed as the ”Prime Minister”, and they made a lot of contributions. Huang Jhong was promoted to ”Bing Bu Shang Shu”, Wang Gang-jhung was entrusted with matters in ”Shu Mi Yuan”, Chian Chou-cai was appointed the ”Chao Yi Da Fu”, Liu Chang-chuan was the ”Li Bu Shang Shu” and ”Gei Shi Jhong”, Chang Shan became the ”Gong Bu Shang Shu”, Wang Shi-peng was appointed the ”Shi Yu Shi, and had been the reeve of many places. Song Shau Tzong treated these people courteously; indicating that he never forgot about the nurtures and teachings these people provided him. These people, on the other hand, had not put Song Shau Tzong down; they contributed the government of Song Shau Tzong with their intelligence and talents.

並列關鍵字

Song Gau Tzong ； Song Shau Tzong ； princes' education ； Ci Shan Tang ； teachers in imperial kinsmen's residences