皇帝的孝道：法籍耶穌會士韓國英譯介《御製定孝經衍義》初探

The Emperor's Filial Piety: P.M. Cibot's Translation and Narration of Yuding xiaojing yanyi

潘鳳娟(Feng-Chuan Pan)

《漢語基督教學術論評》 8期 (2009/12) Pp. 147-187

https://doi.org/10.30106/SCSAIJBTP.200912.0006

摘要

本文旨在初探清初耶穌會士韓國英如何譯介歷經順治和康熙兩朝編纂出版的《御定孝經衍義》，並藉此觀察他對中國孝道，尤其「天子之孝」的翻譯、介紹與詮釋。文章聚焦在韓氏所發表並題名為〈皇帝的孝道〉的文本。本文從《關於中國之記錄》之共時性，與不同《孝經》譯本與流傳之歷時性此雙重脈絡觀察與分析〈皇帝的孝道〉一文，探究韓國英如何譯介康熙的〈御製孝經衍義序〉全文和《御定孝經衍義》一書中的核心：「天子之孝」和書中所強調孝道之核心：「愛」與「敬」兩者。本文也觀察了韓氏如何藉由不同翻譯手法，同時呈現了中國孝道在祭祀典禮的制度規範層面與超越性儀式之雙重層面，並使書中所論天子之孝的意義，延伸到祖先身後之饗與上帝之祭。韓氏所譯之清帝國孝道文獻，以至高皇帝孝治天下為主軸，將當時聲名狼藉的中國祭天、祭祖之禮儀與「天子之孝」結合，在法國皇室支持之下出版並廣為流傳。不同於早期柏應理《中國哲學家孔子》以「孔子」為核心的中國儒家形象建構，也不同於衛方濟《中國六經》之文人儒家，韓國英的《中國古今孝道》一書區分開「帝國文獻」與「文人文獻」兩者，其對孝道文獻的譯介也從文人轉向帝國儒學的詮釋。自羅馬教廷正式禁止利瑪竇一派耶穌會對中國祭祖儀式的寬鬆策略，中國之祭禮與孝道的關連性似乎藉由孝道文獻的翻譯，使爭辯的戰場從儀式的性質進入中國傳統最核心的問題。韓國英以「皇帝的孝道」譯介《御定孝經衍義》，其動機與此書的效應，非常耐人尋味。而從不同《孝經》譯本與流傳之歷時性脈絡觀察，所發現耶穌會士與清末新教傳教士之臍帶關係，同樣值得未來深究之。

關鍵字

韓國英 ； 經典翻譯 ； 帝國文獻 ； 天子之孝 ； 康熙 ； 皇帝的孝道

並列摘要

While recent studies of the Jesuit Pierre-Martial Cibot (1727-80) have focused on his scientific works of Chinese botany and medical science, I would prefer to draw scholarly attention to his rarely investigated works on the translation of Chinese classics. This paper examines the way Cibot translated and interpreted Yuding xiaojing yanyi, which was one of his translations collected in his Doctrine ancienne et nouvelle des Chinois sur la piété filiale (1779) published (with the support of the French King Louis XV) in the fourth volume of Mémoires concernant l'histoire, les sciences, les arts, les moeurs, les usages des Chinois. Differing from the first Xiaojing translator François Noël (1651-1729), who based his translation on the literati's texts (oeuvres littéraires), Cibot interpreted the meaning and the praxes of xiao in the context of the imperial texts of the early Qing. In this paper, I restrict my discussion to the textual analysis of Cibot's introduction to Kangxi Emperor's Yuzhi xiaojing yanyixu that is one of the imperial texts published in the same volume of Mémoires. The Emperor is seen as the patriarch of the great family of the whole empire whose two obligations of xiao: loving and respecting the otherm, which constitutes the whole argument of Yuding xiaojing yanyi. The meaning of xiao was one of the debated topics in the Chinese Rites Controversy. Cibot's emphasis on the Emperor's piety recorded in the imperial texts seems to me to indicate that the moral and political interpretations of this Xiaojing was one of the last endeavors to defend the Riccian position concerning the Chinese ancestral rite, with the support of the imperial authorities of France and China, during the critical time of the Society of Jesus in the eighteenth century.

並列關鍵字

Pierre-Martial Cibot ； Kangxi Emperor ； Translation of Chinese Classics ； Imperial texts ； La Piété Filiale de l'Empereur

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