白居易〈琵琶行〉中的演奏技法與音樂表現

Performing Technique and Music Expression of "The Song of Pi-Pa" by Bai Ju-Yi

李時銘(Shi-Ming Lee)

《中華學苑》 53期 (1999/08) Pp. 33-54

https://doi.org/10.30406/JCA.199908_(53).0002

摘要

元和十一年湓江口上的一場邂逅，使白居易寫下了這篇膾炙人口的〈琵琶行〉，千餘年來引致許多騷人墨客的共鳴與研究者的興趣，雖然不免亦有如洪邁疑其事實的（《容齋五筆》卷七），但無論附麗或存疑，都無礙於這首詩在文學與音樂史上的價值。由於詩中涉及若干音樂課題，論者每每流於浮面，未能透達其中音樂之真貌，因此迄無較理想的疏解，未免令人遺憾。本文專就詩中有關音樂部分作－整理，冀能釐清其情貌，並希望有助於學者對〈琵琶行〉的了解。文分四段：
壹、唐代琵琶的淵源及其形制－說明唐代琵琶的兩種形制，詩中所寫爲曲項琵琶。
貳、〈琵琶行〉中的演奏技法分析－分析撥與指的使用與持琴方法有關，而持琴方法又因形制（柱位增加）而改變；其後則具體描述攏撚抹挑等技法。
參、〈琵琶行〉中的演奏技法與樂曲的關係－藉由樂曲與技法的分析，發現二者有一－對應的關係，先後有序，增加了這首詩爲寫實的可能性。
肆、〈琵琶行〉描寫音樂的方法－旨在闡明本詩所寫的是聲情，而非聲音，透過想像與聯想，將當日的情景重現於讀者眼前。
本文除了從音樂解度分析〈琵琶行〉的演奏技法外，主要在證成當年湓江口岸的這因緣，確屬實錄，而非白居易的鑿空攄懷而已。

關鍵字

音樂文學 ； 琵琶行 ； 白居易 ； 音樂 ； 演奏

並列摘要

The article is a monographic study about music of the poem, ”The Song of Pi-Pa.” It expects to analyze the poem's real appearance and connotation, and it can be conducive for scholars’ understanding of this poem.
There are four paragraphs in the article.
First, the orgin and the types of Pi-pa in Tang.-It is ”Winding neck pi-pa” in this poem.
Second the analysis of performing technique about the poem. It analyzes that the use of ”pick” and ”fingering” has bearing on the method that holds pi-pa. The method of holding would be changed as the number of fret increasing. Then, the paragraph describes the technique ”Long, Niam, Mo, Tiao” (攏撚抹桃) concretely. Third, the corresponding relationship between music and performing technique. It finds the corresponding relationship from the analysis of music and performing technique. The clear sequence increases the possibility of this narrative poem as an authentic poem. Forth, the method of describing music in explaining that the music ”The song of Pi-Pa” this poem describes is not only melody, it is the symbol of emotions Through imagination and association, readers are able to see the scene of that day in the article.
The article not only analyze the performing technique of ”The Song of Pi-Pa” by music respect, the most important thing is making sure the authenticity of this poem, and Mr. Bai wrote it not just for expressing his feeling.

並列關鍵字

Music Literature ； The Song of Pi-Pa Tu-Yi ； Music ； Performing Technique