呂祖謙的人格教育思想

Lü Zuqian on Personality Education

劉貴傑(Kuei-Chieh Liu)

《社會科教育學報》 7期 (2004/07) Pp. 1-18

https://doi.org/10.7043/JSSE.200407.0001

摘要

本文首先說明人格與人格教育的意義，指陳不論傳統教育或現代教育的理念，乃在使學生具備高尚的人格品德。其次，論述人性論是呂祖謙人格教育的理論基礎，他認為人性本善，但就人天生的氣質而言，必有一定的偏狹。這種偏狹的氣質可以經由教育來改變，使之回復本然的善性，透過「觀過」、「存心」即可轉化不善的氣質，而為至善的天地之性。接著說明人格教育乃以忠信為本，以道德良心為本，呂祖謙人格教育的終極目標是「以聖人為準的」，他勉勵學生學習聖人做「當為」之事而不驕矜，以便彰顯人格，揚名後世。唯有立志以聖人自期自許，弘濶剛毅，堅守節操，才有成聖的希望。再次，敍說呂祖謙強調人格涵養的重要性，及其有關人格教育的主要方法有：明理力行、立志弘毅、存養本心、反己內省、克制私欲、改過遷善，透過這些修養方法，即可培養學生高尚的人格。結論指出：呂祖謙的人格教育思想提供了寶貴的意見，對當前的教育深具啓示作用。

關鍵字

人格 ； 人格教育 ； 天地之性 ； 氣質之性 ； 道心 ； 私心 ； 閉邪存誠 ； 存養體察

並列摘要

This paper first explains the meaning of “personality” and “personality education”, and notes that the ideal of both traditional and modern education is to let the student develop a lofty and virtuous personality. Lü Zuqian’s concept of personality education is based on his theory of human nature. He holds that human nature is good originally. However, the natural dispositions of humans necessarily tend to be narrow-minded to some degree. This narrow-mindedness can be changed through education, especially by reflecting on demerits, and awareness, eventually leading to the restitution of the original goodness. According to Lü Zuqian, loyalty, integrity and moral conscience are the roots of personality education. The ultimate objective of personality education is to emulate the “holy men”. Lü encourages the students to learn how the sages did what had to be done without priding themselves, thereby showing their personality and becoming a model for later generations. Only if the student takes the sages as a model for himself, developing the characteristics of a sage, he can eventually become a holy man himself. Lü Zuqian’s educational methods comprise “to understand the principle and practice it vigorously”, “to direct one’s willpower and develop perseverance”, “to be aware of the original mind”, “self-reflection”, “restraining one’s selfish desires” etc. The conclusion emphasizes that Lü Zuqian’s concept of personality education contains valuable and inspiring suggestions for contemporary education.

並列關鍵字

personality ； personality education ； nature of heaven and earth ； natural disposition

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