美國監獄發展的社會學分析－從共和國的機器到倉庫化管理

本文以從鉅觀的角度分析探討美國監獄制度的發展，橫越18世紀末葉到21世紀初二百多年的演變過程，用社會學的分析，說明美國監獄制度的發展存在著包含與排除（inclusive and exclusive）機制，從早期監獄扮演著共和國的機器，意旨重建、同化、容納與修復，到近二十年來，美國監獄被批評為倉庫化管理的時代，監獄管理呈現出壓迫與嚴厲的意識型態，監獄扮演著驅除、放逐、隔離與孤立受刑人的功能，監獄制度的演變也反映出美國政府治理機制與思維的轉型。本文的分析中主要涉及三個分析脈絡，第一：在美國社會發展中，哪些人是有罪的且必須適合拘禁在監獄中，而哪些人不適在監獄中，從中可以理解美國社會中包含與排除機制：第二：監獄功能是如何隨著歷史而轉變，如監獄存在的意義及其任務如何與社會結構和文化價值鑲崁在一起並在不同時其階段而改變著；第三：監獄的建築模式所透露的意義為何。本篇論文希冀以批判性的角度來提供一個新的論述視野。

關鍵字

包含與排除機制；共和國機器；倉庫化管理

並列摘要

This paper explores the development of American prison system from the end of eighteen century to the turn of twenty-first century. Based upon a sociological approach, it is found that the operations of inclusive and exclusive mechanisms coexist in the American prison systems. The early stage of prisons is defined as a ‘republican machine’, conveying the concept of inclusion which means integration, assimilation, accommodation, toleration and incorporation. However, the alarming rise in prison populations and the development of increasingly coercive policies from the 1980s signify the philosophy of warehousing management as a penal rhetoric. It reveals the concept of exclusion, implying banishment, segregation and isolation. Three themes are mainly analyzed in the paper. Firstly, in the history of American prison systems, it examines which groups or populations are guilty and suitable to be confined in prisons in order to crystallize the inclusive and exclusive functions. Secondly, how the prison discourses are incorporated with social structures and culture values, and are highlighted in different phases of American history is addressed. Finally, it demonstrates what prison building models reveals. This paper hopes to offer a different landscape in analyzing and discussing for the field of punishment and prisons.