從法治國理念論歐盟環境犯罪之省思兼論毒化廢棄物污染之重大環境危害

Discussing Environmental Crime in European Union from the Viewpoint of Rechtsstaat-Also Contains a Discussion on the Significant Threat to the Environment from Toxic Chemical Waste

朱日僑(Jih-Chiao Chu)

《犯罪學期刊》 10卷2期 (2007/12) Pp. 65-114

https://doi.org/10.29607/ZHWHGX.200712.0004

摘要

本文運用法治國(Rechtsstaatlichkeit)刑法的理念，檢視歐盟國家近年來面對環境犯罪的立法態度，探討毒性化學廢棄物所導致的嚴重環境媒體（水、空氣、土壤）污染犯罪刑罰化的必要性；我國一旦遭受毒性化學廢棄物（如戴奧辛(dioxin)及重金屬汞污泥等）之恣意排放、傾倒、燃燒等，重大污染不法犯罪行爲，其造成之環境法益的破壞，其影響層面不僅包括個（他）人、甚至超個人的社會及國家法益，侵犯到被保護之（生命、身體、財產等）刑法法益的前提下，違反行爲禁令或違反行爲準則，且該行爲之刑事處罰係爲不得不然的最後手段，由於所有係肇因於不法企業或個人貪圖私利，將工業生產、製造過程之原料、半成品或成品所包含之連帶造成污染其他環境媒體之流布、蓄積、逸散等，甚至透過生（食）物鏈生態循環發生變化、動、植物病變、基因突變、居民致癌的不明原因及難以解釋的氣候異常現象、長期、永續、難以回復之影響等重大環境危害污染之環境犯罪，以期經由歐洲共同體系的社會、經濟、環境刑事司法系統下，瞭解國際間環境犯罪刑罰管制規範之發展經驗，以作爲我國因應未來重大環境污染犯罪預防政策的參考。

關鍵字

法治國 ； 歐洲聯盟 ； 環境犯罪 ； 三E政策管理

並列摘要

Utilizing the concept of Rechtsstaat, this article reviews the attitudes on the legislation of environmental crimes in EU countries in recent years and discusses the necessity of criminalizing serious pollutions on environmental media (water, air, soil) as a result of toxic chemical waste. If toxic chemical waste (such as dioxin and murcury-laced waste) was recklessly discharged, dumped or burnt in Taiwan, the major pollution and illegal action has damaged the legal benefit of the environment. The impact of this will not only by on individual, but also on the legal benefits of the society and the nation. When an action violates the protected subjects (life, body and properties) under legal benefit of criminal laws, the criminal punishment for such violation of regulations or behavior guidelines is an unavoidable last resort. The sources of these crime are illegal corporations and individuals who are only interested in their own benefits distibuting, accumulating or disgarding polluted raw materials, unfinished products or finished goods in the process of manufacturing and production. Furthremore, the form of pollutant changes through food chain and ecological cycle causing plant diseases, mutated genes, unknown causes of cancer and climatical abnormalities that are difficult to explain. These are long term, continuous, and irreversible environmental crimes that has caused serious environmental damages and pollutions. It is hoped that through the social, economical and environmental legislature, we can gain a better understanding of the development of regulations on environmental crime. Such understanding will be the reference for developing preventive policies on major environmental crimes in Taiwan in the future.

並列關鍵字

Rechtsstaatlichkeit ； The European Union ； Environmental Crime ； 3E's Policy

參考文獻