中國地方政府處置公眾維權抗爭之策略：以廣東省烏坎事件為例

轉型時期中國社會所爆發的農民集體抗爭行動逐漸增加，尤其以土地徵用造成的社會衝突最為突顯。這種徵地衝突源自地方政府與開發商合謀形成利益聯盟，強制或違法徵地以壓制農民維權抗爭及利益表達。本文以廣東省烏坎村徵地衝突為案例，探討地方政府對公眾維權抗爭的處置策略，結果顯示地方政府最後傾向採取「疏導模式」高於「壓制模式」，選擇「容忍」與「妥協」而非「鎮壓」。這包括：一、改變事件定性：從採取標籤化及敵對化策略，到重新界定事件純屬「利益紛爭」問題；二、強化地方治理：改變對村民臨時代表理事會合法性問題的認定，從認定為非法組織到承認其身份；三、立場先硬後軟：緩解公眾集體反抗情緒，有效降低衝突程度；四、妥善運用公安：從強力壓制改變為柔性疏導；五、規範網絡傳媒：從壓制報導，轉變為適度開放與管理。本文初步觀點認為由於地方政府在徵地過程中其角色已由「裁判員」轉化為「運動員」，喪失公共利益代表者的初始角色；復因司法機關的行政化及地方化傾向導致其欠缺獨立性；基於政績升遷需要獲益高於負擔成本之激勵，難以遏制地方政府的土地違法行為。整體言之，各地方政府要成功地完全複製烏坎經驗並不容易，必須進行綜合性配套改革，烏坎事件個案經驗始能發展成具普遍性意義改革洪流。

關鍵字

地方政府；維權；烏坎事件；土地徵收

並列摘要

The outbreak of peasants' collective protests are gradually increased during the transition period of Chinese society, especially social conflicts caused by land expropriation are the most highlight. The causes of land expropriation conflicts are from local governments and developers conspiring to form the interests of the Union, using forced or illegal means of land expropriation to suppress the peasant resistance for rights and interests of the expression. By using the conflicts of land expropriation in Wukan as a case study, this article tries to explore disposal strategy of the local government on public rights protest, the results show that the local government is more inclined to take the ”scatter mode” instead of ”repression mode”, select the ”tolerance” and ”compromise” instead of ”repression”. First, changing the qualitative of Wukan event: originally taken tagging and hostile strategy, after change to the redefinition of the event is purely a ”conflict of interests” problem. Second, the strengthening of local governance: the recognition of the legitimacy of the Provisional Council of Representatives of the villagers, originally identified as an illegal organization, and finally admitted its legal status. Third, stand first hard after soft: to ease the public collective revolt effectively reduce the level of conflict. Fourth, the proper use of police force: original strength repression, after flexible divert. Fifth, the specification of network media: To suppress media coverage from the beginning, and finally changed to moderately open and Management. This paper preliminary view is that due to the role of local governments in the land expropriation process by the ”referee” into ”players”, the loss of the initial role of the representative of the public interest. Due to administrative and local tendency of the judicial organization leading to lack of independence, and based on achievements promotion benefit is higher than the burden of the cost, curbing the illegal behavior of land expropriation from local government is very difficult. Whole words, local governments succeed to replicate the Wukan experience completely isn't easy, comprehensive supporting reforms must be carried out, the Wukan experience will develop into a with universal significance of reforms torrent.