黑格爾哲思的活頭泉水

黑格爾的哲學是綜合西洋自古希臘柏拉圖以來，以及近世笛卡兒、康德、費希特和謝林等重大唯心主義哲學之大成，而攀登了日耳曼經典觀念論之高峰。本文析述黑格爾哲學思維的思想淵源，不但把亞理士多德追求幸福的沈思作為黑格爾哲學目的性的起始，還描述笛卡兒的理性主義、斯賓諾莎的實體論、萊布尼茲的單子說、休謨的懷疑論和洛克的認識論等對黑格爾認知論的影響。此外，盧梭呼籲文明人重返自然的說詞，導致日耳曼哲人與詩人浪漫情懷之激發，也與啟蒙運動一樣，衝擊著青年黑格爾的心思。顯然導致黑格爾致力意識樣態的探索，認知理性與實踐理性的發揚則是康德的三大批判。加上吸收了費希特自我的主體哲學，謝林自然的客體哲學，和賀德林的絕對精神說，黑格爾攝取日耳曼經典哲學的精華，企圖經由辯證的主體（正）、客體（反）、絕對（合）三階段而達致絕對的認識和精神的最高自由。在結論中作者還把基督教教義與耶穌生平言行對黑格爾的哲思作一分析，目的在彰顯黑格爾人本主義的中心想法，而駁斥他是衛教保守的說法。

關鍵字

目的性；實體；啟蒙運動；浪漫主義；純粹的與實踐的理性；合理的自主；二元背反；自我之設定；絕對的事物；世界靈魂；基督教的正格化

並列摘要

This article deals briefly with the origins and influences of those Western classical and modern philosophical ideas which exerted tremendous impact on the formation of Hegel's idealist system. It traces back to the main doctrines of ancient Greek philosophers like, Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. In addition, Hegel inherited the debates of rationalism and empiricism of Descartes, Spinoza, Leibnitz, Locke, Hume and other modern philosophers. Kant's three critiques opened up a novel and exciting forum for his followers. Thus Ficht's subjective and Schelling's objective idealism led Hegel to search for the absolute knowledge of self-realized spirit as the highest stage of philosophical thinking. However, Hegel's lifelong interest in religion, especially his early critique of the ”positivity” of Christianity revealed his intellectual debtness to and revolt against the theological education in his youth. Evidently, Hegel's philosophical achievement reflected the spirit of his times. He was indeed the son of the Age of Rationalism and Enlightenment.

並列關鍵字

telos ； substance ； Enlightenment ； die Romantik ； pure and practical reason ； rational autonomy ； antinomy ； the positing of the ego ； the Absolute ； die Weltseele ； the positivity of Christianity