人權與保護

Human Rights and Protection

許志雄(Chih-Hsiung Hsu)

《嘉義大學通識學報》 8期 (2010/12) Pp. 1-34

https://doi.org/10.7042/JYDXTSXB.201012.0001

摘要

現代國家公權力往往以保護人權為名，不斷擴大對人民生活的介入；而人民亦立於自身生命、安全與幸福的考量，主動積極要求國家提供各種保護。人權與保護牽絲扳藤，彷彿處於一種不能切割的共生關係。在憲法學上，此一現象十分嚴重，實有加以正視的必要。本論文針對該議題，分成「人權與保護的相生相剋」、「安全網下的隱憂」及「人權擴張論的省思」三部分，依序探討之。首先，近代立憲主義重視個人與國家的關係，將人權定性為個人對國家的防禦權，有其不可抹滅的價值與意義。惟人權有賴國家保護，也是無可否認的事實。人權與保護自始相生相剋，必須保持平衡，方不至於使人權淪為空談，或讓保護變成國家權力入侵私人生活領域的藉口。以「強者」的個人圖像為理念，而正視「弱者」的現實，在維護個人尊嚴的前提下，盡量尊重個人的自立與自律，或許是維持平衡的不二法門。其次，現代國家「安全網」的建構，表面上可以滿足人民對「安全」的需求，實際上卻有形成父權式監護主義之虞。極端情形，資訊化社會將變成「監視化社會」，「福利國家」將淪為「管理國家」，而產生「現代集中營」現象。至此地步，豈有人權與個人尊嚴可言？因此，強調個人的主體性，防止從自由逃向保護，避免人權在密不透風的安全保護下窒息，殊屬必要。最後，憲法學的人權擴張論本意係為強化人權保障，不過內容存有諸多問題。特別是國家基本權保護義務論過度偏離防禦權的人權論，使人權受國家權力不當介入的疑慮大增。至於人權規定在私人間的效力問題，間接適用說固然尚有疑點，但瑕不掩瑜，仍是較為可行的學說理論。總之，人權問題十分微妙、複雜，任何人權擴張論皆須面對學理與現實的檢驗，不能一廂情願。強調國家對人權的保護義務時，同樣必須考慮其主張可能引起的副作用，不應好高騖遠，徒滋紛擾。

關鍵字

個人尊嚴 ； 人權 ； 防禦權 ； 保護 ； 安全網

並列摘要

The power of modem states is often to expand its involvement to people's lives, stating that it is to protect human rights. On the other hand, people require the state to provide a variety of protections, from safety to basic standard of living. This article focuses on the issue of human rights and protection, and is discussed and divided in to three parts: ”to strike a balance between human rights and protection”, ”the hidden anxiety under security”, and ”the reflection on the expansion of human rights.” Firstly, modem constitutionalism took the relationship between individual and state seriously, and defined human rights as the individual rights to against national power (defensive rights). The only way to maintain a balance between human rights and protection is to respect individuals' self-reliance and self-discipline. Secondly, the construction of ”security net” in modem states can meet people's ”safety” needs ostensibly. However, the ”security net” could affect people's human rights and dignity. Thus, it is necessary that we have to emphasis on individual subjectivity. Finally, the expansion of human rights in Constitution intended to strengthen the protection of human rights system. However, there are several problems within the content. Human rights issue is very complicated and delicate, and it should be examined under the theory and reality. When we emphasis on the national obligations about protection of human rights, we must to consider the side effects of it.

並列關鍵字

Individual dignity ； Human rights ； Defensive rights ； Protections ； Security net

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