憲法上居住權之建構與實現——以司法審查為核心

Constituting and Implementing the Constitutional Right to Housing: Focusing on Judicial Review

陳冠瑋(Kuan-Wei Chen)

指導教授 ： 許宗力

國立臺灣大學/法律學院/法律學研究所/碩士(2016年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU201603226

摘要

著眼於我國諸多與居住相關之爭議，以及隨著對國際人權法之重視，關於居住權之關注亦日漸提升，本文嘗試架起從「人權」到「憲法中基本權」之橋樑，探討憲法上居住權建構與實現之可能性與方式，並以在「權利承認」與「權利實現」皆具重大任務之司法審查為討論核心。
首先，在建構權利方面，本文整理了憲法對居住保障之淵源、正當性基礎以及當代比較憲法上之規範模式，並進一步分析憲法權利化之路徑，而認為我國在社會憲法體質、公約誡命與實際需求下，可以嘗試透過憲法解釋之路徑，使居住權「真正地」成為我國憲法上基本權。本文討論了諸多憲法上可以容納居住權之立足點，在許多可能中，認為憲法第15條生存權係最能容納居住權者，且居住權之保護領域與基本權功能皆有辦法與生存權接軌，但也認為，憲法上生存權、居住權都不應該只停留在對於最低核心之保障。
而嘗試建構權利之可能後，也面臨權利實現之難題，亦即飽受爭議之司法審查。本文認為不應基於可裁判性之爭議放棄司法審查，而應尋求適合之司法審查模式，從而透過比較法之觀察，最後建議兩種可能之審查模式：決策程序審查、以及比例原則搭配程序審查，此二模式之優點皆係透過對政治部門說理之要求，緩和由司法者取而代之做決定之困擾，且得以透過過程之透明性，呼應民主之要求。另外，本文亦初步提出諸多須注意之特殊案型。而公約扮演之角色，則是於司法審查過程中將其重要內涵融匯進入憲法上居住權，以強化權利之保障。

關鍵字

居住權 ； 司法審查 ； 經濟社會文化權利國際公約 ； 適足性 ； 最低核心 ； 遷離之正當程序 ； 生存權 ； 可裁判性 ； 決策程序審查 ； 比例原則

並列摘要

There are numerous controversies related to housing in Taiwan recently. Meanwhile, with the growing emphasizing on international human right law, the right to housing has been concerned frequently. This thesis tries to bridge the gap between “human rights” and “constitutional rights”, exploring the possibilities and the ways to constitute and to realize the right to housing in the consitution, focusing on judicial review, an essential mechanism to “recognizing rights” as well as “realizing rights”.
First of all, with respect to constituting right, this thesis introduces the origin of housing protection in constitutions, the legitimate basis of the right and the regulatory model on modern comparative constitutional law, analyzing the approaches to constitute constitutional rights. This thesis argues that under the social-state constitution in Taiwan, the demand from covenants and actual needs, it is worth trying to constitute the right to housing as a constitutional right through interpretation. This thesis as well discusses several constitutional bases to accommodate the right to housing, and claims that through the “right to life” of Article 15 is the most possible way to include the right to housing. Besides, the “Schutzbereich” and the function of the right to housing are both capable of connecting to the right to life. However, the protection of right to life and housing should not be limited to minimum core.
When it comes to the realization, i.e., the highly controversial judicial review, this thesis claims that it cannot be abandoned merely due to the controversy of justiciability. Instead, the suitable review model should be found. Therefore, through comparative law analysis, this article suggests two possible ways: “decision-making review” and “principle of proportionality combined with procedural review”. The advantage of these two models is to ease up the controversy of making decisions by the judiciary through demanding political sectors to reasoning, and through transparency to democratize the judicial process. In addition, this thesis also introduces several special types of housing problems, which need to be noticed. Moreover, in order to strengthen the protection of rights, during the judicial review process, the content and spirit of the covenants should be included in the right to housing in the constitution.

並列關鍵字

the right to housing ； judicial review ； International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights ； adequacy ； minimum core ； due process of eviction ； right to life ； justiciability ； decision-making review ； principle of propotionality

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