明清以降政策變遷下馬祖地區文化發展

本文將從區域地理與新文化地理學的觀點，採歷史地理法、實查法，探討馬祖這一組位在鄭和七次遠航往返航線中福建外海的列島，在不同時期政策變遷下所呈現的區域文化發展。馬祖自唐宋以降即以漁產富饒，吸引福建沿海漁民跨海而來，逐漸從結棚掛網的臨時漁寮發展成一灣澳一聚落的漁農聚落景觀；然至明、清時期，屢因受內亂（胡維庸案、明鄭、海賊）、外患（倭寇、列強）的影響，朝廷基於防衛的武備政策考量，屢頒「禁海」或「遷界」令，實施堅壁清野的焦土政策，致使已形成的漁農聚落發展付之一炬，形同海外禁山；一旦海禁稍弛，旋即復歸「耕漁稠密」榮景；然1949年因國共內戰兩岸易幟，淪為以臺北為中心的中華民國政府用來作為武力對抗以北京為中心的中華人民共和國的軍事前哨，實施長達36年的「戰地政務」，徹底執行「黨、政、軍一元化」的嚴格軍事管制，除駐紮數倍於居民的大量武裝兵力外，並全面實施組訓民眾、灌輸愛國思想、整理戶政人口、限制漁業採捕與宵禁等社會控制，在居民、政府、軍人等的交互作用下，又將馬祖繪織成截然不同的戰地風貌；但隨著兩岸政治與軍事對立趨於緩和，在1992年解除「戰地政務」回歸地方自治、1994年開放馬祖入境管制、1999年劃設國家風景特定區及2001年試辦馬祖－馬尾小三通等中央重要政策下，中央與地方政府、居民、旅客及實施精實專案後留駐不到四分之一的駐軍，又在完全不同的時空下，重繪馬祖嶄新的文化風貌。

關鍵字

馬祖；新文化地理；政策變遷；文化發展

並列摘要

This paper uses the regional geography and new cultural geography approach to understand the impact of government policies on the cultural development of Matsu implemented in the period spanning the Cheng Ho's seven sea voyage back and forth the province of Fujian and the island group dotting the Taiwan Strait .The study employed the historical geography method and the on-site survey method. Since the Tang and Song Dynasties, Matsu had always been a prosperous fishing community. It attracted fishing vessels from the coasts of Fujian to cross the Strait and fish along its waters. Gradually, the simple fishing village of humble cottages and fishing nets hanging along their sides evolved into busy and prospering fishing bay bustling with life. However, in response to the civil strife that plagued the Ming and Qing Dynasties (coup d'etat attempt of Hu Wei-Yung Koxinga's uprising in the Ming Dynasty, and the pirate problem), hostilities with other nations (Japan and other great powers), the imperial Government implemented a hard-line military defense policy and ordered ”ban on maritime trade” and ”border realignment”. The scorched earth policy implemented saw to the strengthening of military defense, evacuation of noncombatants, and the concealment of provisions and livestock from the invading enemy. As a result, the once prosperous fishing village was burnt to the ground and became forbidden grounds. Later, following the relaxation of the ban on maritime trade, the prosperity was immediately restored to this fishing community of ”dense farms and fishing Fleet”. Unfortunately, the Civil War with the Chinese Communists in 1949 divided the political regimes of China and Taiwan. The Republic of China Government that retreated to Taiwan and maintained its seat of power in Taipei, used the islands as a military base for its resistance against the military outposts of the People's Republic of China seated in Beijing. Thirty-six long years of ”battlefield government administration” and the full implementation of a stringent military command under a ”unified political party, government administration, and military system”. In addition to the massive military equipment stationed in the islands, a full-scale civilian education program was implemented. The political education inculcated patriotic thoughts, tidied up the household administration population, as well as imposed a time limit on fishing activities and curfews. The mutual interaction among the people, the government, and the military further molded Matsu into an entirely different battlefield community. The gradually mitigation of the political and military hostilities between China and Taiwan brought about the lifting of the ”battlefield government administration” in 1992. Matsu was returned to the local self-government system. In 1994, Matsu was opened to travelers and tourists, and in 1999, Matsu was designated as a national scenic area. The mini three-links between Matsu and Mawei was put on trial run in 2001. Under the implementation of this significant central government, the local government and residents of Matsu, and the less-than-10% military personnel remaining after the military withdrawal began to reconstruct a whole new cultural landscape for Matsu. The impacts of the new policy were determined by the extent of government policy intervention and the environmental resources available at the time. Under different times, the policy changes had brought about entirely different faces of regional culture development. Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the government policy changes of the times dramatically affected the local development of Matsu; hence, its history and evolution are worthy of in-depth research and study.