論銀行法規範關係人交易之金融監理

由於我國金融弊案常與關係人交易造成的利益輸送有關，我國金融法規包括銀行法、金融控股公司法以及保險法等對金融機構關係人交易設有龐大的規範，對金融機構造成可觀的法律遵循成本。但即便如此，現行法規仍存在諸多不足，以銀行為例，即存在關係人授信與授信外交易的規範密度不一致、關係人定義不一致、關係人認定流於形式，以及欠缺迴避要求等，導致現實上規範成果有限。有鑑於我國銀行關係人交易規範大多參考美國聯邦準備法相關規定，本文以美國的學理與法制為研究對象，自理論層面釐清關係人交易的銀行監理理論，提出與維護銀行利益有別的風險管理面向，作為設計銀行關係人交易法制的理論基礎。本文另外分析美國聯邦銀行法規對銀行關係人交易的規範，彙整美國法制特色，基此對我國銀行法下的關係人交易規範提出修正方向，包括增訂關係人授信外交易規定、擴大授信範圍、實質認定關係人、明定迴避要求，以及將違法罰則下修為行政責任，並提出具體修法草案建議供立法者參考。

關鍵字

金融機構；銀行；關係人交易；關係人授信；內部人交易；關係企業交易；利害關係人；風險管理

並列摘要

Scandals of financial institutions in Taiwan often involved tunneling caused by interested transactions. Therefore, Taiwan's financial laws, including the Banking Act, Financial Holdings Act, and Insurance Act, have set up a huge amount of rules for interested transactions of financial institutions, which imposed considerable legal compliance costs upon financial institutions. That said, the existing financial laws remain inadequate in many aspects. Taking banks, for instance, regulations for interested credit transactions and non-credit transactions diverge, the definition of interested parties diverges, the determination of interested parties appears formalistic and thus creates room for circumvention, and an explicit avoidance requirement for controlling the conflict of interest is lacking. Therefore, the regulatory effect appears limited in practice. Since Taiwan often took reference from the Federal Reserve Act in the United States when enacting its interested transaction rules for banks, this paper proposes to study the theory and laws in the United States. From a theoretical perspective, after clarifying the regulatory theory for banks' interested transactions, this paper highlights the risk management aspect that distinguishes from the protection of banks' interest and uses it as a theoretical foundation for designing interest transaction laws for financial institutions. From a comparative law perspective, this paper analyzes the interested transaction rules for banks under the Federal Reserve Act, Federal Deposit Insurance Act, and their related regulations and sums up the characteristics of the United States laws. On these bases, this paper proposes several principles for amending Taiwan's interested transaction rules for banks under the Banking Act, including adding rules for regulating interested non-credit transactions, expanding the scope of credit transactions, defining interested parties in a substantive manner, stipulating the avoidance requirement for interested parties, and reducing the penalties for unlawful interested transactions to administrative liability. This paper finally proposes specific amendment bills for legislators' reference.

並列關鍵字

financial institutions ； banks ； interested transactions ； interested credit transactions ； insider transactions ； affiliate transactions ； interested parties ； risk management

參考文獻

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