陶弘景的仙學思想探究

Research on Immortal Thoughts of Tao, Hung-ching

羅涼萍(Liang-Ping Lo)

《玄奘人文學報》 8期 (2008/07) Pp. 133-167

https://doi.org/10.29956/HCHJ.200807.0005

摘要

魏晉南北朝是道教的創發時期，當時諸多道派和經派紛紛興起，而道教經典也相繼的流傳於俗世。在經典的思想內容中，傳承著早期道教傳統思想的觀念，並且因應當時社會的情況而賦予新的意義，因此於經典所傳達出的訊息，在道教創始期特具意義。
經由對陶弘景所編撰的上清經中「神」、「仙」、「真」諸字的探討與分析之後，將其神仙思想中的重要仙學意涵歸納爲仙界觀、仙偕觀及修煉理論三方面：
（一）在仙界觀方面：認爲仙界中的神仙是長生不死的，而且可以自由飛行於仙界中，不受到任何的限制，亦可免於各種苦難及生存的危機。而不同的仙真是隸屬於不同的仙府與仙宮，並職司其任務。
（二）在仙階觀方面：關於道教神仙品第思想的發展，陶弘景在神仙三品說的基礎上，已發展成更爲觀版完整的神仙譜系。在當時的仙階觀中，是將其社會上複雜及龐大的官僚體系移至仙界的仙官體系中。與早期神仙思想中較強調個人逍遙長生的宗教目的有所不同，而是特別強調官僚式集體救度之宗教目的。
（三）在修煉理論方面：陶弘景的修練理論主要在於強調存思見神的存思法，而存思真神回返身中是存思法的重要內容，只要能在修練時令真神回歸，就能長生不死，合形昇飛，上昇仙界。而陶弘景修練理論的另一重要特色爲服食金丹以及誦讀《大洞真經》。

關鍵字

陶弘景 ； 上清經派 ； 仙學思想 ； 神 ； 仙 ； 真

並列摘要

Taoism was initiated and developing during the Wei-Tsin Dynasties (265-420 A.D.) and The South and North Dynasties (420-589 A.D.) while numerous sects of Taoism and religious scriptures were established. The Taoism Corpora were delivered in the society. In the text, the early traditional thoughts of Taoism were inherited with new interpretation according to new social condition. Therefore, the messages shown in the corpora bear special meanings in understanding Taoism at its beginning period.
After investigating and analyzing the words of gods (神), perfected (仙), and Chen-jen (真) in the Shang-ch”ing order(上清經) written by T”ao , Hung-ching (陶弘景). The crucial meaning of the immortal in the immortal thoughts can been concluded into three aspects: the world of gods(仙界觀), the rank of the immortal (仙階觀), and the theory of mortification(修煉理論).
1. The world of gods: It was thought that gods were immortal with the ability to fly crossing different divine worlds with no limit, and were also free from sufferings or threats of survival. Different gods or Chen-jen belonged to different immortal governments and palaces with different positions and tasks.
2. The rank of gods: In the Six Dynasties period, on the foundation of the concept of three-level gods' society, the development of the order of the gods of Taoism has been a more complicated and complete hierarchy of gods. The sophisticated bureaucratic society in human world was copied into the divine world. This was different from the previous thoughts which emphasized on religious purpose for the individual on seeking the immortality and freedom; instead, it particularly advocated bureaucratic group redemption.
3. Mortification: The mortification theory of the Sutra of Shang-ching (上清經派) mainly focused on the meditating method of ”meditating and seeing the spirit gods” (存思見神). To meditate the True Spirit (真神) for its returning to the inner body was the key content of this Sutra. As long as the True Spirit(真神) bad been recalled during mortification, this person could achieve immortality, and could exalt up to the divine world, flying up there with his body. Another significant method of mortification of Shang-ching (上清修法) was to take the Golden Pill (金汋神丹) and to recite the Sutra of Da-Dong(《大洞真經》).

並列關鍵字

T"ao ； Hung-ching ； the Shang-ch"ing order ； immortals ； gods ； perfected ； C