社會資本與個體特質對個體心理健康之影響：一個多層次之研究

目的：本研究目的在分析2005至2010年心理健康的趨勢，並探討社會資本與個體特質對國人目前輕型精神疾病與快樂感受的影響。方法：運用「臺灣社會變遷調查」中18歲以上人口資料，有效樣本分別為2,144人與1,804人，2010年資料的村里數為80個，以比例Z檢定、獨立樣本t檢定、雙雙項分析、多層次邏輯與線性迴歸來分析資料；精神疾病與快樂感受的測量，則分別以「華人健康問卷」和主觀快樂感做為評估依據。結果：精神疾病與快樂感受在五年間未顯著變化，一般民眾的精神疾病盛行率約在25%左右，而多數民眾自覺是快樂的；研究發現，在所有社會資本中，僅人際互動認知與精神疾病有關，而鄰里層次的公民參與態度和所有層次社會資本皆能預測個體快樂程度；性別、自評健康與吸菸行為亦與正、負向心理狀態密切相關。結論：相較於輕型精神疾病，社會資本對一般民眾的快樂感受較有影響力；在預防策略上，建議依不同性別使用不同的文宣內容，降低精神疾病的計畫則應優先針對社經不利鄰里進行友善社會環境的營造，而非先推廣至所有鄰里。

關鍵字

快樂感；華人健康問卷；精神疾病；鄰里層次公民參與態度；臺灣社會變遷調查

並列摘要

Objectives: This study aimed to analyze the trend of mental health between 2005 and 2010, and to explore the effects of social capital and individual characteristics on individual minor psychiatric disorders and happiness in 2010. Methods: Nationally representative data from Taiwan Social Change Survey (TSCS) consisted of 2, 144 respondents in 2005 and 1,804 respondents in 80 neighborhoods in 2010. Two-sample test for proportions, independent sample t-test, bivariate analysis, multilevel logistic and linear regression were used to analyze the data. Psychiatric disorders and happiness were measured respectively by Chinese Health Questionnaire (CHQ) and perception of subjective happiness. Results: The rates of mental health were not significantly changed in the 5 years. For the general public, the prevalence of psychiatric disorders was about 25% and self-perceived happiness was high. The results found in all of social capital variables, only the perception of interpersonal interaction was significantly associated with mental disorders, while neighborhood-level civic participation attitudes and all of individual-level social capital would predict individual happiness. Gender, self-rated health and smoking were also strongly correlated with the positive and the negative state of mind. Conclusions: The effects of social capital on happiness were more significant than that on minor psychiatric disorders among the general public. As for the preventive strategy, the results suggest the different content of propaganda should be adopted based on gender. Programs concerned about building friendly social environment to reduce high levels of mental disorders, focusing on socio-economic deprived neighborhoods should be prior to general neighborhoods.