漢地觀音信仰在西域的初傳－以高昌地區為中心

The First Spread of the Chinese Guanyin Belief in the Western Regions: Centered on Gaochang Area

姚崇新(YAO Chongxin)

《敦煌學》 36期 (2020/08) Pp. 283-313

摘要

在漢地觀音信仰傳入之前，西域地區的觀音信仰並沒有形成「面」的規模。由於特殊的地理位置以及較好的漢文化基礎，高昌成為漢地佛教與佛教藝術回傳西域的第一站。漢地觀音信仰始傳高昌約在5世紀前期，經過高昌國特別是麴氏高昌國的發展，打下了一定的基礎。高昌國時期的觀音信仰兼有南朝、北朝觀音信仰的特點。歷史進入唐西州以後，當地的觀音信仰逐漸轉盛，主要表現在內地新譯觀音類經典的即時傳入、西州觀音信仰內涵與內地觀音信仰出現的新變化與新發展的高度趨同、西州觀音造型藝術與內地的高度趨同，以及當地首次出現以觀音命名的寺院等。另外，從唐朝中後期開始，中國本土類型的觀音開始形成，如水月觀音、白衣觀音等，雖然目前我們沒有這些新興本土觀音信仰及其造型藝術傳入西州的直接證據，但上述觀音的高昌回鶻時期的圖像遺存似可作為間接證據。如果從縱、橫兩個視角觀察，能清晰地看出高昌地區漢地觀音信仰在西域、中亞地區漢地觀音信仰的傳播中所扮演的角色：從橫的視角看，扮演了前碼頭的角色；從縱的視角看，高昌地區早期的觀音信仰為高昌回鶻的觀音信仰打下了堅實的基礎。

關鍵字

漢地觀音信仰 ； 高昌 ； 西域

並列摘要

Before the introduction of Guanyin belief in China inland, the Guanyin belief in the Western Regions did not form a certain scale. Due to its special geographical location and good Chinese cultural foundation, Gaochang became the first stop for Chinese Buddhism and Buddhist art to be introduced back to the Western Regions. The belief in Guanyin in China inland was first spread to Gaochang in the early 5th century, and a certain foundation was laid through the development of Gaochang Kingdom, especially the Gaochang Kingdom of Qu family. The belief in Guanyin during the Gaochang Kingdom period had the characteristics of Guanyin belief in both the Southern and Northern Dynasties. After history entered Xizhou in Tang Dynasty, the local belief in Guanyin gradually flourished. It is mainly manifested in the instant introduction of new translations of Guanyin sutras in China inland, that the connotation of Guanyin belief in Xizhou was highly convergent with the new changes and new developments of Guanyin belief in China inland, the high convergence between the plastic art of Guanyin in Xizhou and China inland, and the first appearance of Temples named after Guanyin, etc. In addition, from the middle and late Tang Dynasty, Chinese native types of Guanyin began to take shape, such as Water-moon Guanyin, White-robed Guanyin, etc. Although we currently do not have direct evidence of the introduction of these new native Guanyin beliefs and their plastic arts to Xizhou, the above-mentioned image remains of Guanyin during the Gaochang Uighur period seem to be regarded as indirect evidence. If observing from the vertical and horizontal perspectives, we can clearly see the role played by the Chinese Guanyin belief in the Gaochang area in the spread of the Chinese Guanyin belief in the Western Regions and Central Asia: from a horizontal perspective, it plays the role of the former dock; from a vertical perspective, the early belief in Guanyin in Gaochang area laid a solid foundation for the belief in Guanyin in the Uighur Kingdom of Gaochang.

並列關鍵字

Chinese Guanyin Belief ； Gaochang ； Western Regions

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