西法東罰，罪及婦女－墮胎入罪及其對戰後臺灣婦女的影響

今日人們習以爲常的墮胎罪，只是移植百年的舶來品，並沒有長遠的法理淵源。傳統法中墮胎是婦女獨有的傷害程度，隸屬於鬬毆門，目的在保障婦女身體法益，而非對墮胎婦女的懲罰。近代刑法的墮胎罪乃是剝奪婦女原先擁有的法律利益，其由上而下及男性主導的本質，讓法益受損的婦女無從置喙。之後歷經多次變革，先是醫師取得醫療授權、接著男性配偶也在《優生保健法》通過後取得墮胎同意權，想墮胎的婦女仍須經由層層關卡才能達成目的。可見從全面禁止，再逐步修法開放，女人的生育自主權益終非修法者關切所在。本文首先將釐清西法引進臺灣與中國的歷史脈絡，接著具體考察兩地婦女的墮胎方法及執法情形，最後提出墮胎入罪後對戰後臺灣婦女造成的深遠影響。在《優生保健法》通過之前，婦女與墮胎技術者身爲墮胎罪行的共犯，往往互相隱瞞掩飾。加上長久以來不平等的醫病關係，婦女對於墮胎技術者所造成的墮胎傷害，多不敢聲張，成爲墮胎罪下首當其衝的受害者。其次，從無到有的墮胎罪，在短短幾十年內發展爲難以撼動的性規訓。醫師雖享有法律特許的墮胎醫療權力，仍可能因醫療以外的社會因素遭到告發。於是醫師等墮胎技術者爲求自保，避免爲非婚懷孕的婦女墮胎，以排除不穩定的社會風險，無意間成爲協助家庭父權性監控婦女的幫手。最後，傳統法律不曾視胚胎爲可獨立存活的生命個體，跟今日胚胎生命權的主張實有極大的差距。然而反墮胎人士不斷建構婦女墮胎殺生的罪惡感，除了爲1970年代中期從日本引進的嬰靈供養鋪路，也嘗試以此遊說立法增設墮胎資源的取得障礙，限縮婦女生育自主權。

關鍵字

墮胎；優生保健法；節育；墮胎技術；墮胎風險；性監控

並列摘要

Modern abortion law in Taiwan was introduced from Western penal systems via Japanese colonizialization at the end of the nineteenth century. It was a sea change for Taiwanese because there was no penal punishment for women who had abortions in traditional law. Abortions were basically classified as a criminal assault in the traditional law. The law punished the person who beat or hurt a woman, resulting in abortion of a fetus which was older than three months, but not a woman who induced an abortion herself. However, in modern law, there is an independent abortion crime chapter to prohibit any kind of abortion under any circumstance and to punish women who had abortions, abortionists, and persons who engaged in trade of abortifacients. After the law was revised in 1935, therapeutic abortions by doctors were allowed for saving the lives of pregnant women. After tracing the history of abortion laws in Taiwan and China, this paper observes some influences of the law on Taiwanese women after World War II. Fearful of punishment for the crime of abortion, most women and abortionists covered for each other, no matter what the women suffered during the abortion. The abortion crime law was also an effective way to impose sexual discipline on women. For example, abortionists chose the clients according to their marital status to prevent any social risks of exposure before 1985. Finally, anti-abortion organizations overemphasized the right to life of the fetus, invoking more and more guilt about abortion in women's minds, which in turn created a greater market for praying for fetuses in Taiwan. This has helped these organizations lobby to set more limits on women's reproductive rights today.