兩個祖國的邊緣人：「遺華日僑」的戰爭、記憶與性別

所謂「遺華日僑」係指二次大戰後因各種因素被遺留在中國的日本僑民，其中又以留在東北地區者最多。在國共內戰時期，他們歷經了生死關頭，改變身分而成為中國人；直到1970年代日本與中共恢復外交之際，這群人才恢復身分返回日本，成為「兩個祖國」的邊緣人。本文從戰爭、記憶與性別等角度探索「遺華日僑」的身分認同。在第一部分，筆者嘗試釐清戰爭記憶本身的意義。簡言之，「遺華日僑」不僅是冷戰時期兩國外交「戰爭」下的棋子，而且他們的「滿洲經驗」也變成追索戰爭責任的場域。第二部分是分析這些「記憶」的各種體驗，包括他們身為社會底層的無奈，還有戰爭結束之際生離死別的過程，乃至有關恐懼的「滿洲經驗」。最後，對於未來的選擇上，性別差異也是造成他們做出不同決定的重要因素。無論如何，身為邊緣人的「遺華日僑」，無疑是戰爭悲劇下特定時空的產物，具有複雜的身分認同。

關鍵字

「遺華日僑」；滿洲記憶；遣返；口述史；身分認同

並列摘要

The term ＂abandoned Japanese＂ refers to those Japanese left in China for various reasons in the wake of World War II. Most lived in Manchuria, and during the Chinese civil war they experienced life and death situations and many changed their identities to become Chinese. In the 1970s, when Japan and the China restored diplomatic relations, some of the ＂abandoned Japanese＂ reclaimed their original identities and returned to Japan, becoming marginal people of ＂two motherlands.＂This article explores the identity of ＂abandoned Japanese＂ from the perspectives of war, memory, and gender. The first part of this article analyzes the meaning of war memory itself. The ＂abandoned Japanese＂ not only became a pawn in the Cold War era of diplomatic ＂war＂ but also their ＂Manchurian experience＂ became a site of the search for war responsibility. The second part analyzes their memories of a variety of experiences, including the frustration they felt at the bottom of society, as well as the terror of the ＂Manchurian experience＂ as they faced life and death situations at the conclusion of the war. Finally, gender differences played an important role in determining their choices about their future plans. It is clear that ＂abandoned Japanese＂ as marginal people produced by a particular time and place reflect the tragedy of war and possess complex identities.