袁世凱政府與商人(1914-1916)

1914-1916年間袁政府與商人關係的發展，是中央集權政體從重建到崩解的過程在社會面的展現。商人從清末以來形成的政治力量，在袁實施中央集權制以後明顯地被削弱。甚至在經濟事務上，商人對政府政策的影響也相當有限，儘管商人欲透過公文程式和商會法的抗爭來保障地位，爭取政府對工商發展的重視，但顯然徒勞無功，商人既沒有能力改變政府的經濟政策，對袁爲解決財政問題所進行的搜括也無力抗拒。袁運動帝制時，多數商人雖然不以爲然，但並不敢進行反抗，一方面因爲袁的專制統治，使他們的政治活動空間受到抑制，一方面因爲多數商人對君主或民主並不十分在意，他們真正關心的是工商業的發展和生活的安定。護國戰爭爆發以後，商人因爲戰爭對他們造成切身的危害，因此逐漸加入反袁的行列。商人這種亟求安定的心理，和辛亥革命時期他們反滿、二次革命時他們反國民黨是一樣的，不過因爲他們的政治力量已經被削弱，在袁政權崩解的過程中，他們並不扮演重要的角色。

關鍵字

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並列摘要

The relationship between Yuan Shikai's government and merchants from 1914 to 1916 reflected the social effects caused by the reconstruction of a centralized political system and its subsequent disintegration. The political power wielded by merchants in the final years of the Qing was significantly reduced in the wake of Yuan's centralizing efforts. Even in economic matters, the merchants were able to contribute far less than before, despite their efforts to assert their views on the procedural regulation of official communications and commercial law and despite their attempts to seek the government's help in industrial and commercial developments. They had neither power to change the government's economic policies, nor the ability to resist Yuan's attempts to solve fiscal problems by imposing new taxes. When Yuan tried to become an emperor, the majority of merchants dared not to resist him openly for two reasons. First, Yuan's authoritarian rule reduced the room for civic activities to the minimum. Second, the majority of merchants worried more about economic development and political stability than the political form the government might take, whether a monarchy or a democracy. After the anti-monarchical movement developed its momentum, they gradually took the anti-Yuan side because they came to see Yuan as a destabilizing factor. Their fervent desire for political stability did not differ from earlier periods, but due to their weakened political influence, they did not play a significant role in the gradual disintegration of Yuan's power.