失衡的外交－國民黨與中俄交涉(1922-1924)

孫蘇趨近雖與國民黨對蘇俄革命之崇尚有關，然雙方最初合作之基點則在外交。國民黨政權因未得國際承認，在中俄交涉中只能以北京政府所難以接受之權益讓步，作為與蘇俄談判之籌碼，期以取代北京政府之執政地位。國民黨對俄交涉，帶有明顯以外交換革命之考量。蘇俄屢以南下交涉示好於國民黨，並以此要脅北廷就範，最終與北京政府簽訂《中俄協定》。國民黨高層因受社會輿論及外交策略之制約，對俄外交意圖多秘而不宣，其對蒙古問題之態度亦模稜兩可，適成國共兩黨及國民黨內部黨爭之重要根由。粵俄外交之失衡，中蘇國家利益及孫蘇意識形態之衝突，最終引起黨內驅共討俄風潮。風波雖暫告平息，然日後清黨反蘇之潛因已然呈現。「親俄」與「聯俄」有近乎本質之差異，兩者貫穿於數年國民黨與蘇俄的關係之中，惟兩者之消長進退因時而異。國民黨對蘇俄之整體態度，大致經歷了由「親俄」到「聯俄」之演變過程：大體而言，從蘇俄發表《對華宣言》至《孫越宣言》簽訂，帶有濃厚之「親俄」傾向；從《孫越宣言》發表至《中俄協定》之成，此為以外交合作為基點之「親俄」、「聯俄」交替時期；而中俄交涉則為促成此種交替之關鍵環節之一此後即轉入嚴格意義之「聯俄」時期。

關鍵字

國民黨；粵俄外交；中俄交涉；國家利益衝突；黨爭

並列摘要

Although the cooperation between Sun Yat-sen and the Soviet Union stemmed partly from the Kuomintang's respect for the Russian Revolution, the basis of their original cooperation lay in diplomacy. Since the Guangdong government failed to gain international recognition, it became a mere negotiating chip for the Russians. The goal of the Kuomintang was ”changing diplomacy into revolution.” The representatives of Soviet Russia showed time after time that they would negotiate with Sun Yat-sen in order to threaten the Beijing government, and then finally on the May 31, 1924 the Sino-Soviet Treaty was signed by Soviet Russia and the Beijing government. Restricted by public opinion and diplomatic strategies, the diplomatic intentions of Kuomintang leaders were always so covert and their attitudes toward the Mongolia issue so ambiguous that conflicts between the Communist Party and the Kuomintang-as well as conflicts among Kuomintang members-constantly erupted. The lopsided diplomacy between Guangdong and the Soviet Union, the collision of national interests between China and Russia, and the ideological tensions between Sun Yat-sen and the Bolsheviks led to the rise of the Kuomintang rightwing wishing to expel the Communists from the Kuomintang and crusading against the Soviet Union. Although this movement was quieted, it manifested the underlying reasons for the Kuomintang to later ”purify the Party” and oppose Russia. ”Fraternizing with Soviet Russia” is different from ”allying with Soviet Russia” in nature, but for several years they were woven together. Sometimes ”fraternizing with Soviet Russia” triumphed over ”allying with Soviet Russia” and sometimes ”allying with Soviet Russia” overcame ”fraternizing with Soviet Russia,” but overall the Kuomintang's attitude toward the Soviet Union moved from fraternization to alliance. Fraternization is seen from the Soviet's declarations to China to the Sun-Joffe Declaration. Fraternization and alliance varied with the state of Sino-Russian diplomatic negotiations from the Sun-Joffe Declaration to the May 31, 1924 Sino-Soviet Treaty. And after this, the period of real ”allying with Soviet Russia” commenced.