中國大陸人大代表兼職化問題之研究

「人民代表大會代表」是中國大陸人民民主專政的政權組織形式，是中國大陸人民行使國家權力的最高權力機關，行使國家立法權，修改憲法、監督憲法的實施，制定和修改基本法律和其他法律；選舉和決定國家行政機關、審判機關、檢察機關，同時有對這些人員的罷免權；以憲法和法律為準繩，監督政府工作，審議和決定國家根本的、長遠的、重大的問題。基於此，由國家最高權力機關產生的國家行政機關、審判機關、檢察機關、軍事機關及其它國家機關，都對它負責，受它監督。質言之，監督功能已是人大制度的重要功能之一，在人大代表「兼職化」的情況下，變成自己監督自己，在一定程度上影響人大代表的監督功能，甚至阻礙其監督工作的開展。進一步言之，人大代表與其他機關任職的「回避」，是人民代表制度的最基本要求，而人大代表中「國家機關官員」的數量，不是占多大比例的問題，而是該有該有的問題。2013年中共十八屆中三中全會的決定明確表示，健全「一府兩院」由人大產生、對人大負責、受人大監督；因此，人大代表「專職化」已經成為中國大陸人大代表制度改革的必然趨勢。

關鍵字

人大代表；人大制度；權力制約；兼職化；專職化

並列摘要

China's National People's Congress exercises the state legislative power of the nation, revises the constitution and supervises the implementation of the constitution, enacts and amends the basic laws and other laws, elects and decides administrative organs, judicial and procuratorial organs while dismisses the staff members from these offices, supervises the worker of the government with the criterion of constitution and law, reviews and decides the country's fundamental, long-term and significant matters. Based on this, the state administrative organs, the judicial and procuratorial organs, the military organs and other state organs which all come from the highest power organ, are responsible for it and subject to supervision by it. Supervision function, in other words, has become one of the important functions of National People's Congress System. Under the conditions of ＂part-time＂ deputy of People's Congress, it means that the representatives monitoring themselves, which affects the supervision function of People's Congress to a certain degree, even hinders the work of supervision. Further speaking, Post avoidance regime of People's Congress and other state organs is the most basic requirements of People's Congress System. Consequently, the number of ＂national authority officials＂ in the People's Congress, is not a matter of percentage, but a matter of right or wrong. In 2013, the Third Plenary Session of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China made it clear that to perfect the system of ＂One Government Two Departments＂, all of them should be produced by the People's Congress, responsible for the People's Congress and supervised by the People's Congress. Therefore, the system of full-time deputy of people's congress has become the inevitable trend of the People's Congress representative system in China Mainland.