基督教教義、傳統文化與實踐初探：以東排灣拉里巴聚落台坂長老教會為例

Christian Doctrines, Traditional Cultures and Practices: A Preliminary Study through the Example of Taiban Presbyterian Church in Laliba Settlement of Eastern Paiwan

譚昌國(Chang-Kwo Tan)

《臺灣宗教研究》 4卷2期 (2005/09) Pp. 113-158

摘要

本文以東排灣拉里巴聚落的台坂基督長老教會為例，探討基督教教義、傳統文化與實踐在歷史過程中的複雜辨證關係。作者首先說明排灣族在基督教傳入前的宇宙觀與祭儀系統，其次分三個時期，描繪台坂教會初期開拓史，教會的成長與穩固，與教會的更新與分裂。在此三個時期，基督教教義和傳統文化之間的關係有不同的模式，兩者間的衝突也以不同的實踐來解決。初期宣教工作遭到傳統勢力的抗拒，傳道人以教會的一神對抗傳統信仰的多神，在教義上偏重彰顯神的能力，在實踐上強調以禱告醫治對抗女巫師的祭儀。結果是傳統權威衰落，教會逐漸全面取代傳統領導者成為社會中心，擔負重新建構倫理和宗教秩序的角色。在教義上轉為著重愛、饒恕和信心與行為的相稱，使信徒能發展出新的工作倫理並處理婚姻失和等問題。教會長期適應當地文化，並與各種外在社會力量結合的結果，逐漸形成自成一格的「教會文化」。在年輕的傳道人眼中，這種文化過於世俗化與保守，因而嘗試更新教會。在教義上轉為強調內在生命的改變與聖靈更新的力量，並和全國性的禱告山運動結合。但更新的實踐導致教會的分裂，而此分裂和教義上的衝突也有關聯。總結而言，教義受到傳統文化和信徒與傳道人的實踐所塑造；而在教義的實踐過程中，又會反過來影響傳統文化。基督教教義與教義的實踐對傳統文化的改變不一定是完全的消除，特別是傳統的死亡信仰，仍和基督教教義並存，持續影響信徒的實踐。

關鍵字

基督教教義 ； 傳統文化 ； 實踐 ； 長老教會歷史 ； 東排灣

並列摘要

This essay explores the complex dialectical relationships among Christian doctrines, traditional cultures and practices in historical process through the example of Taiban Presbyterian Church in Laliba settlement of Eastern Paiwan. The author explains firstly Paiwan traditional cosmology and ritual system before the coming of Christianity, then illustrates three periods of church history: the initial cultivation, the growth and consolidation, the revival and schism. Within these three periods, there are different pattern of relationships between Christian doctrines and traditional cultures, and conflicts between them could be resolved through different practices. In the initial period, proselytizing efforts were confronted with the resistance from traditional authorities, and the missionary had to engage in the power encounter between Christian God and spirits in traditional cosmology. The missionary therefore stressed the great power of God in doctrines, and competed with the sacrifice of female shamans by Christian prayer healing. As a result, traditional authorities gradually declined and were replaced by the church, which played the key role of reconstituting ethical and religious order. In this period, the doctrines concerning with love, forgiveness and the correspondence of faith and conduct were highlighted so that the believers could develop new work ethics and cope with the problems of marital relations. In the long process of adaptation to local cultures and articulation with social forces from the outside, the church developed a kind of 'church culture' regarded as too this worldly-oriented and conservative by a young pastor. She made attempts to renew the church and emphasized the transformation of inner life and the transforming power of Holy Spirit. The practices for church revival, however, led to the church schism which was also related to the conflict in doctrines between two parties. In conclusion, it is argued that Christine doctrines were shaped by traditional cultures and the practices of pastors and believers; on the other hand, in the process of the practice of Christine doctrines, traditional cultures were shaped and transformed. Moreover, traditional cultures were not necessarily totally eliminated by the practice of Christine doctrines. The traditional belief of death, particularly, co-exists with Christian doctrine of death and continues to influence the practice of local Christians.

並列關鍵字

Christian doctrines ； traditional cultures ； practices ； history of Presbyterian Church ； Eastern Paiwan