民族主義分類之“二元論”思考

這幾年在全世界各個地方，民族主義的情感與運動似乎有復甦的跡象，不論是譴責這種意識型態的人或想要操縱這種情感的人，都有意重新詮釋此一影響人類近二百年來歷史發展的力量。某些學者認為了解民族主義最好的途徑就是由分類著手，而在各種類型學的理論中又以「二元論」（或稱「二分法」）最為大家所熟悉。用「二元論」的方法來區分人類的知識一直是西方思想史上的傳統，自柏拉圖以來，這種方法經常出現在各種社會科學中。本文旨在探討此一方法的形成背景、學者如何利用這種方法來分類「民族主義」、以及這種方法應用於民族主義研究的優缺點。本文分析了十餘種民族主義的「二元論」，雖然這張清單還可以再延伸，但大致上都是從根據這種分類方法而來。這些「二元論」的學者有史學家、社會家、心理學家與政治學者，整體而言都有其代表性。作者的結論認為：「二分法」不一定是對立的概念，就民族主義的分類而言，這只是程度問題，不是種類之別。

關鍵字

二元論；民族主義；雙面神；類型；集裝器

並列摘要

These years we witness a globally revival of nationalism concerning sentiment and movement. The promoters, as well as the objectors, were interested in re-interpreting the meaning of nationalism, the most influential driving force to the historical development since French Revolution. They insisted that the straightest road to nationalism was classification, especially dualism, which was the most famous method used to classify human knowledge. There is a thinking tradition in western scholars to divide nationalism into two kind of category. It is the dualism. The author intends to give a research on the base of dualism. He deals with the origins, developments, and suitability of dualism applied to classification. There are more than ten examples of dualism in the article. The list isn't a final version, we may add as many as we like. Anyway, it's unnecessary to have such a work. In my opinion, this is not an issue about 'kind', but about 'degree', i.e., dualism is not necessarily a set of contra-concepts.