工具機振動量測、原因分析、故障診斷與健康監測

Vibration Measurement, Cause Analysis, Defects Diagnosis and Health Monitoring of Machine Tools

周貽灣(I-Wan Chou) ； 王振而(Jenn-Erl Wang)

《中華民國振動與噪音工程學會論文集》 1998 (1998/05) Pp. 79-88

https://doi.org/10.30028/CSSVANNUAL.199805.0079

摘要

工具機是製造機械零件的機具。故一般也稱為工作母機。為確保製造零件之精度符合藍圖、規範或標準之要求，有對新購入工具機執行新機驗收，運作中工具機執行年度週期校驗之必要。工具機精度校驗計分靜態精度校驗、動態精度校驗及實作精度校驗三種。振動量測即屬動態精度校驗之一項。振動的不良效果會影響工具機之系統穩定度及操作人員之舒適性，若此不良效果不加以適當的控制，將使得上述提及之二性能變差。吾人可使用振動分析儀在工具機之加工主軸及工作平台的X、Y或Z軸方向執行工具機振動量測。將量測得出之位移、速度或加速度等振幅結果經頻率分析、頻譜分析或反頻譜分析，可助於判別工具機產生出不平衡、軸心不良、軸承或齒輪磨損、馬達運轉不當造成之轉速不正常或共振現象等之不良屬性。這些被發覺出來之不良屬性可收提供工具機維修人員早期預警之功效，另亦提供維修人員瞭解工具機性能變化趨勢而儘速對工具機進行適當之保養、維護與修理。

並列摘要

Machine tool is used to manufacture the mechanical parts. In order to let the manufacturing parts meet the requirement of the blue prints, specifications and standards, it is necessary to execute acceptance test for new coming machine tools and yearly machine tool calibration for used machine tools. There arc static accuracy calibration, dynamic accuracy calibration and cutting test total three types of calibration for machine tools. Vibration measurement is one item of the dynamic accuracy calibration. The bad vibration effect will affect the system stability of machine tool and comfort of operation level. These two disadvantages will turn worse unless the bad effect due to vibration can be well controlled. Vibration analyzer can be used to measure the vibration level of rotating spindle and working bed of machine in X, Y and Z axes. The measuring results say displacements, velocity and acceleration can be used to diagnose the malfunction of machine tools, e.g. unbalance, misalignment and bent shaft, worn out of bearings or gears, resonance from motor operation in disorder through frequency analysis or cepstrum analysis. These disorders can provide the early warning to the maintenance people. Besides they also provide the variation trend of machine tools to maintenance people for the reference to maintenance and repairing of machine tools.