現象學方法在團體諮商實務中的應用

團體諮商是應用團體中人我互動的過程，協助成員認識與解決生活的問題，進而促進個人的自我瞭解與自我接納，以發展良好的生活適應。但是目前在團體的相關研究方法上，仍偏重以自然科學方法論為依歸的量化研究，無法關注成員轉變的個別差異。事實上，成員在團體中的表現常是其真實生活的縮影，成員如何撥落社會化面具而與自己真實對話的歷程其實更加珍貴，但在量化資料中，這種對話常被切割忽略。基於此，根植於瞭解個人主觀現象場的質性研究則更能有效的呈現團體中成員的心路歷程。現象學中的「還原」就是面向事情本身，也就是將被解釋、詮釋過的事件還原。「建構」就是透過現象的描述，整理出一切存在學探索之所有可能條件，對生存之生存論狀態分析。而一個有意義的生命建構包含三個層面：「意義的個人建構」、「意義的社會共同建構」、「對實在本身的開放」。「對實在本身的開放」蘊含著對先前意義的建構加以「解構」，在有意義的生活中引進自由的向度。本研究以質性研究之現象學觀點，並從「還原、建構、解構」討論兩位成員在團體中的心路歷程。希望藉著研究者們的團體帶領經驗，提供現象學在團體諮商中可施力之處，作為實務工作者帶領團體時之省思。

關鍵字

建構；現象學；解構；團體諮商；還原

並列摘要

The group counseling employs the interactive activities to help members see through and resolve their problems to understand and accept themselves, and then to adapt to social lives well. A group-counseling normally can provide a more vivid situation than the one of personal counseling, because group members receive various stimuli during the group’s virtual lives and then learn how to deal with their problems in real lives. Therefore, the group-counseling has been applied to many categories and has been widely studies by many researchers. So far, most of the research methods still use quantitative analysis which is usually employed for studies of nature sciences and technologies. This kind of method can not identify the transition of individual, such as satisfactions and personal growth. Meanwhile, the members’ changes from interactions and conversations are normally neglected through the quantitative analysis. In phenomenology, “reduction” means “zu den sachen selbst”, which represents revealing the manipulated event back to its original face. Through the description of phenomena, “construction” can clarify all possible reasons among the researches for existence to analyze the lives. A meaningful life consists of three levels: the individual construction of meaningfulness; the social co-construction of meaningfulness; and the openness of human existence in the Reality Itself. The openness of human existence in the Reality Itself includes the destruction of the constructed issue through introducing the degree of freedom in a meaningful life. In this work, we tried to use the qualitative method to analyze the trend and deficiency of the previous studies for group-counseling. We also attempted to use the techniques of reduction, construction and destruction to discuss the transitions of two selected group members. Finally, we hope to apply the phenomenology on the researches for group-counseling to provide a valuable reference for leaders of group counseling.