簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

研究生: 何欣樺
Ho, Hsin-Hua
論文名稱: 探討在虛擬實境系統中實施任務型教學法對華語文聽力及口說能力之研究
A study on Exploring the Implementation of Task-based Language Teaching for Chinese Listening and Speaking Ability in Virtual Reality
指導教授: 蕭顯勝
Hisao, Hsien-Sheng
洪嘉馡
Hong, Jia-Fei
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 科技應用與人力資源發展學系
Department of Technology Application and Human Resource Development
論文出版年: 2019
畢業學年度: 108
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 197
中文關鍵詞: CoSpaces虛擬實境華語文聽說能力學習任務型教學法學習成效
英文關鍵詞: CoSpaces, Virtual Reality, Chinese language listening and speaking, Task-based Language Teaching, learning effectiveness
DOI URL: http://doi.org/10.6345/NTNU202000196
論文種類: 學術論文
相關次數: 點閱:236下載:0
分享至:
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報
  • 全球華語文學習掀起一股熱潮,各國將華語文納入國家教育政策與第二外語學習指標。目前華語文教學,以任務型教學法使用目標語言,以語言之意義,進行認知、理解與溝通於課堂中,提升學習者之聽力與口說能力。近年來,虛擬實境廣泛運用於教育領域當中,透過建立真實語境,以補足傳統教學之問題,但如何善用其工具輔助教學,增進學習者之學習動機,並提升聽力與口說方面之技能,進而應用於生活,是一個值得探討的問題。
    本研究以任務型教學法應用於CoSpaces虛擬實境建置華語文聽力與口說學習平台。透過任務型教學理論設計一系列的教學內容,讓學習者體驗真實生活場景之對話與互動,並執行任務進行語言練習。本研究採準實驗研究法,以臺北市某大學國語教學中心之初級華語文外籍人士65位為研究對象,自變項為教學模式,依照不同教學模式CoSpaces與傳統教學分為實驗組30人與對照組35人,依變項則包含學習動機、學習成效、學習保留率,以及CoSpaces平台滿意度。本研究結果顯示:(1)兩組學習者在學習動機方面皆為正向;(2)CoSpaces學習平台課程比起對照組更為有效提升學習者聽力與口說之學習成效(3)學習保留量具有正向之影響;(4)學習者對於學習平台之滿意度皆持正面良好之態度。
    綜觀而言,CoSpaces學習平台有助於學習者作為華語文學習之輔助教材,因此,希望本研究之結果可供未來華語文數位教材之相關研究參考。

    Global Chinese language learning has set off a new learning trend in the world. At present, Chinese language teaching uses the target language in the task-based language teaching, and uses the meaning of language to carry out cognition, understanding, and communication in the classroom, and enhances the learner's listening and speaking ability. In recent years, establishing an authentic context in virtual reality that has been widely used in the field of education and solving the traditional teaching problem but how to use its tools to assist teaching, enhance learners' motivation, and improve listening and speaking skills, and then applied to life that the topic is a worth discussing.
    This research builds task-based language teachimg in CoSpaces platform for Chinese learning. The main idea based on task-based language teaching to design a series of virtual environment courses that the learner increases to the real-life conversation, interactions and practice experience with Task-based Teaching Approach.
    This study adopted quasi-experimental research meth, and there were 65 foreign learners with TOCFL Beginner/Level 2 from the Mandarin Training Center in the university in Taipei, Taiwan, participating in the experiment. While the teaching models as the independent variables, including CoSpaces experimental group (n=30) and traditional teaching control group (n=35). The dependent variables were learning motivation, lerning effectiveness, learning retention and learning satisfaction.The analysis results show that: (1) Both the two groups of learners have positive learning motivation; (2) The CoSpaces learning platform course compare effectively improve the learning outcomes of learners' listening and speaking with traditional teaching. (3) Learning retention has a positive impact for learner (4) Learners have a positive attitude towards the satisfaction of the learning platform.
    Overall, the CoSpaces Learning Platform is good for Chinese language learner. Therefore, it is hoped that the results of this study will be available for reference in future Chinese virtual language learning environment.

    中文摘要 i ABSTRACT iii 目  錄 v 表  次 ix 圖  次 xii 第一章 緒論 1 第一節 研究背景與動機 1 第二節 研究目的 6 第三節 待答問題 7 第四節 研究範圍與限制 8 第五節 研究流程 9 第六節 名詞解釋 11 第二章 文獻探討 15 第一節 華語文學習 15 第二節 任務型教學法 21 第三節 虛擬實境輔助語言學習 28 第四節 學習動機 48 第五節 文獻評析 54 第三章 研究方法 57 第一節 研究架構 57 第二節 研究對象 59 第三節 研究實施與設計 60 第四節 教學設計教學活動設計 63 第五節 研究工具 78 第六節 資料處理與分析 87 第四章 研究結果與討論 89 第一節 資料敘述與比較 89 第二節 不同教學模式對學習動機之影響 90 第三節 不同教學模式對學習成效之影響 99 第四節 不同教學模式對學習保留量之影響 116 第五節 「CoSpaces聽力、口說學習平台」滿意度 122 第五章 結論與建議 129 第一節 結論 130 第二節 研究建議與未來研究方向 133 參考文獻 136 附錄 150 附錄一 教學教案與任務設計 151 附錄二 學習動機量表 185 附錄三 華語文聽力口說學習成效測驗 188 附錄四 CoSpaces學習平台滿意度問卷 194 附錄五 華測會口語評分表(評分方式) 197

    參考文獻
    一、 中文部分
    YiViAn(2016)。教育工作者用CoSpace開展VR式教育。取自:https://kknews.cc/zh-tw/tech/oplrbo.html
    王怡萱、楊叔卿、張智星(2010)。可觸式學習同伴融入國小英語口說練習學習效益探討。數位學習科技期刊2(1),33-44。
    李鴻欣(2009)。基於分類錯誤之線性鑑別式特徵轉換應用於大詞彙連續語音辨識(未出版之碩士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學:台北市。
    林文通(2010)。我國對外華語文教育現況與展望。台北:教育部。
    林金錫、連育仁(2010)。華語文數位教學理論與實務。台北市:新學林。
    徐新逸、陳彥智(2004)。模型式虛擬實境技術於中小學美術教育之應用。視聽教育雙月刊。
    國立台灣師範大學國語教學中心(2017)。當代中文課程編輯理念。台北市:臺灣師範大學。
    國家教育研究院(2012)。華語教育重大政策發展歷史。台北:國家教育部史。
    張于忻(2018年3月22日)。中央廣播電台新聞網。取自: https://news.rti.org.tw/news/view/id/401717
    張恆誌(2011)。使用動態時間校正演算法於國語數字語者辨識系統之研究(未出版之碩士論文)。義守大學:高雄市。
    張春興 (1993)。心理學,台北:東華書局。
    張春興(1996)。教育心理學-三化取向的理論與實踐。臺北市:東華書局。
    張春興(2004)。心理學概要(229-230頁)。臺北市:東華書局。
    陳姿青、張靜怡、李宜年(2007)。教育科技於華語文之運用,明道通識論叢,2,179-202。
    舒兆民(2010)。數位科技運用於華語文教學之研究。台北市:新學林。
    舒兆民(2016)。華語文教學。臺北市:新學林。
    虛擬實境、擴增實境、混合試鏡-虛實交織的世界。(http://scimonth.blogspot.com/2016/10/vrarmr.html)
    黃翊慈(2015)。語音辨識之電腦輔助教學軟體-以任務遊戲為例(未出版之碩士論文)。國立臺北教育大學:台北市。
    楊文婷(2012)。應用英語電影與任務式教學法提升國小學生英語聽力能力。南台科技大學應用英語系碩士論文:台南市。
    楊征斌(2011)。熱門關鍵字語音辨識之研究(未出版之碩士論文)。私立東海大學:台中市。
    僑委會全球華文網(https://www.huayuworld.org/)
    廖曉青(2002)。英語教學法。臺北:五南出版。
    劉奕樟(2003)。網路多媒體評量與學習診斷系統之建置(未出版之碩士論文)。國立交通大學理學院:新竹市。
    劉家妏 (2010)。多種鑑別式語言模型應用於語音辨識之研究。(未出版之碩士論文)。臺灣師範大學:台北市。
    蔡瓊玲(2004)。TPR策略應用對國小學童英語聽說學習成效之影響:以說故事教學為例。(未出版之碩士論文)。國立台北師範學院兒童英語教育研究所碩士論文:台北市。
    錡寶香 (2001)。國小低閱讀能力學童語言能力之研究。特殊教育研究學刊,24,63-84。
    聶健文、顏芳慧(2010)實作導向的護理研究訓練成效評值。南臺灣醫學雜誌,6(1), 30-37。
    二、外文部分
    Allan, R. (2015, September 25). Prodct Overview of VizMove Walking &Projection VR Systems. Retrieved from https//www.inition.co.uk/tech-blog-vizmove-walking-projection-vr-systems/
    Andone, D., Vert, S., Frydenberg, M., & Vasiu, R. (2018, July). Open Virtual Reality Project to Improve Students' Skills. In 2018 IEEE 18th International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies (ICALT) (pp. 6-10). IEEE.
    Arnold, E. (1991). Authenticity revisited: How real is real? English for Specific Purposes, 10, 237-244.
    Atkinson, R. C., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1968). Human memory: A proposed system and its control processes1. In Psychology of learning and motivation (Vol. 2. pp. 89-195). Academic Press.
    Ausubel, D. P. (1968). The Psychology of Meaningful Learning; an Introduction to School Learning. Grune and Stratton, New York..
    Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological review, 84(2), 191.
    Bednar, A. K., Cunningham, D., Duffy, T. M., & Perry, J. D. (1992). Theory into practice: How do we link. Constructivism and the technology of instruction: A conversation, 8(1), 17-34.
    Bishop, R., & Counihan, E. (2018). Beyond the page: New literacies in the twenty-first century. Voices From the Middle, 25(4), 39-44.
    Black, E. R. (2017). Learning then and there: An exploration of virtual reality in K-12 history education (Doctoral dissertation, The University of Texas at Austin). Retrieved from https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/handle/2152/63616
    Breen, M. P. (1987). Contemporary paradigms in syllabus design Part II. Language Teaching, 20(3), 157-174.
    Brown, J.S., Collins, A. & Duguid, P. (1989). Situated cognition and the culture of learning. Educational Researcher, 18(1), 32-41.
    Burdea, G.(1993, April). Virtual reality systeams and applications. Eletro’93 International Conference, NJ.
    Bygate, M., Skehan, P. & Swain, M. (2001). Researching pedagogic tasks: Second Language Learning, Teaching and Testing. Harlow: Longman.
    Canale, M. (1983). From communicative competence to language pedagogy'in J. Richards and R. Schmidt. Language and Communication.
    Canale, M., & Swain, M. (1980). Theoretical bases of com-municative approaches to second language teaching and testing. Applied linguistics, 1(1), 1-47.
    Carless, D. R. (2003). Factors in the implementation of task-based teaching in primary schools. System, 31(4), 485-500.
    Chang, C., Chang, C. K., & Shih, J. L. (2016). Motivational strategies in a mobile inquiry-based language learning setting. System, 59, 100-115.
    Chen, D. (2010). Enhancing the learning of Chinese with Second Life. Journal of Technology and Chinese Learning Teaching, 1(1), 14–30. Retrieved from http://www.tclt.us/journal/2010v1n1/chen.pdf
    Clark, J. M., & Paivio, A. (1991). Dual coding theory and education. Educational Psychology Review, 3(3), 149-210.
    Collins, A., & Brown, J. S. (1988). The computer as a tool for learning through reflection. In Learning issues for intelligent tutoring systems (pp. 1-18). Springer, New York, NY.
    Council of Europe (2001). A Common European Framework of Reference for Language:Learning, Teaching, Assessment. Retrieved from : http://culture2.coe.int/portfolio//documents/0521803136txt.pdf
    Crookes, G., & Rulon, K. A. (1985). Incorporation of corrective feedback in native speaker/non-native speaker conversation(No. 3). Center for Second Language Classroom Research, Social Science Research Institute, University of Hawaii at Manoa.
    Dale, E. (1969). Audiovisual methods in teaching. NY: Dryden Press.
    David, C. (2016, November 30). Re: Decoding desktop Virtual Reality and Mobile Virtual Reality. Retrieved from https://www.extremetech.com/gaming/
    De Bot, K. (1996). The psycholinguistics of the output hypothesis. Language learning, 46(3), 529-555.
    Dewey, J. (1938). Experience and education. Toronto, CA: Collier-MacMillan Canada Ltd.
    Dörnyei, Z. (2001). Motivation strategies in the language classroom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    Duran, G., & Ramaut, G. (2006). Tasks for absolute beginners and beyond: Developing and sequencing tasks at basic proficiency. In K. Van den Branden (Ed.), Task-based language education: From theory to practice (pp. 47–75). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
    Eales, R. T. J., & Byrd, L. M. (1997). Virtually deschooling society: Authentic collaborative learning via the internet. Retrieved from ERIC database (ED429532).
    Ebbinghaus, H. (1913) Memory: a contribution to experimental psycjology. (HA Ruger and CE Bussenius, trans.) New York: Teachers College Columbia University.
    Ebbinghaus, H. (1964). Memory: A contribution to experimental psychology (H. A. Ruger, C. E. Bussenius Trans.). New York: Dover. (Original work published 1885)
    Ellis, R. (2003). Task-based language learning and teaching. Oxford University Press.
    Ellis, R. (2006). The Methodolory of Task-Based Teaching. Asian EFL Journal, 8(3),79-101
    Gagné, R. M. (1985). The conditions of learning and theory of instruction (4th ed.). New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
    Ginsberg, E. (1992). Not just a matter of English. HERDSA News, 14(1), 6–8.
    Gradinaru, A., Moldoveanu, A., & Moldoveanu, F. (2018). Designing a Virtual Reality Learning Management System. In The International Scientific Conference eLearning and Software for Education (Vol. 2, pp. 11-16). " Carol I" National Defence University.
    Grant, S., & Huang, H. (2010). The integration of an online 3D virtual learning environment into formal classroom-based undergraduate Chinese language and culture curriculum. Journal of Technology and Chinese Language Teaching, 1(1), 2–13.
    Hartwick, P. (2018). Investigating research approaches: Classroom-based interaction studies in physical and virtual contexts. ReCALL, 1-16.
    Hollender, N., Hofmann, C., Deneke, M., & Schmitz, B. (2010). Integrating cognitive load theory and concepts of human–computer interaction. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(6), 1278-1288.
    Hsiao, H. S., Chang, C. S., Lin, C. Y., Chen, B., Wu, C. H., & Lin, C. Y. (2016). The development and evaluation of listening and speaking diagnosis and remedial teaching system. British Journal of Educational Technology, 47(2), 372-389.
    Hsu, T. C. (2019). Using a concept mapping strategy to improve the motivation of EFL students in Google Hangouts Peer-Tutoring Sessions with native speakers. Interactive Learning Environments, 27(2), 272-285.
    Huang, C. S., Yang, S. J., Chiang, T. H., & Su, A. (2016). Effects of Situated Mobile Learning Approach on Learning Motivation and Performance of EFL Students. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 19(1), 263-276.
    Izumi, S., & Bigelow, M. (2000). Does output promote noticing and second language acquisition?. Tesol Quarterly, 34(2), 239-278.
    Kan, Y. H., Lan, Y. J., Hsiao, I. Y., & Yang, S. J. (2010, November). A virtual Chinese language class in Second Life: Lessons learnt from a two-month pilot study. In 18th International Conference on Computers in Education, Putrajaya, Malaysia.
    Keller, J. M. (1983). Motivational design of instruction. In C.M. Reigeluth (Ed.), Instructional design theories and models:An overview of their current status. Hillsdale, NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
    Keller, J. M. (1984). The use of the ARCS model of motivation in teacher training. Aspects of educational technology, 17, 140-145.
    Keller, J. M. (1987). Development and use of the ARCS model of instructional design. Journal of instructional development, 10(3), 2-10.
    Keller, J. M. (1987). The systematic process of motivational design. Performance Instruction, 26(9‐10), 1-8.
    Keller, J. M. (1999). Using the ARCS motivational process in computer‐based instruction and distance education. New directions for teaching and learning, 1999(78), 37-47.
    Keller, J. M. (2010). What is motivational design?. In Motivational design for learning and performance (pp. 21-41). Springer, Boston, MA.
    Keller, J. M. (1987a). Developmentanduse of the ARCS model of motiviational design. Journal of Instructional Development, 10 (3), 2-10.
    Krashen, S. D. (1981). Second language acquisition and second language learning. Oxford University Press.
    Krause, S. (2017, January 23). Build your own battle field. Retrieved from https://blog.cospaces.io/build-your-own-battle-field-30eddd18097d
    Lan, Y. J., & Liao, C. Y. (2018). The effects of 3D immersion on CSL students’ listening comprehension. Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching, 12(1), 35-46.
    Lan, Y. J., Kan, Y. H., Sung, Y. T., & Chang, K. E. (2016). Oral-performance language tasks for CSL beginners in Second Life. Language Learning & Technology, 20(3), 60-79.
    Lan, Y. J., Wei, H. H., & Chiu, Y. L. (2014). Virtual English village: A task-based English learning platform in Second Life. Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computers in Education (ICCE 2014), 625–629. Japan: Asia-Pacific Society for Computers in Education.
    Lan, Y.-J., Kan, Y.-H., Hsiao, I. Y. T., Yang, S. J. H., & Chang, K.-E. (2013). Designing interaction tasks in Second Life for Chinese as a foreign language learners: A preliminary exploration. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 29(2), 184–202.
    Lave, J., Wenger, E., & Wenger, E. (1991). Situated learning: Legitimate peripheral participation (Vol. 521423740). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    Lazaraton, A. (2001). Teaching oral skills. Teaching English as a second or foreign language, 3, 103-115.
    Li, J. T., & Tong, F. (2019). The effect of cognitive vocabulary learning approaches on Chinese learners’ compound word attainment, retention, and learning motivation. Language Teaching Research, 1-21. doi: 1362168819829025.
    Lin, T. J., Wang, S. Y., Grant, S., Chien, C. L., & Lan, Y. J. (2014). Task-based teaching approaches of Chinese as a foreign language in Second Life through teachers’ perspectives. Procedia Technology, 13, 16-22.
    Littlewood, W., & William, L. (1981). Communicative language teaching: An introduction. Cambridge University Press.
    Long, M. H. (1985). A role for instruction in second language acquisition: Task-based language teaching. Modelling and assessing second language acquisition, 18, 77-99.
    Lund, A. M. (2001). Measuring usability with the use questionnaire12. Usability interface, 8(2), 3-6.
    Maina, F. W. (2004). Authentic learning: Perspectives from contemporary educators. Journal of Authentic Learning, 1(1), 1-8.
    Martínez, N. M. M., Olivencia, J. J. L., Malagón, M. D. C. G., López-Meneses, E., & Aguilera, F. J. G. (2017). Realidad aumentada y realidad virtual para la enseñanza-aprendizaje del inglés desde un enfoque comunicativo eintercultural. In Innovación docente y uso de las TIC en eduación: CD-ROM (p. 17). Universidad de Málaga (UMA).
    Maslow, A. H., Frager, R., Fadiman, J., McReynolds, C., & Cox, R. (1987). Motivation and personality (3rd). New York.
    Mayer, R. E., & Anderson, R. B. (1991). Animations need narrations: An experimental test of a dual-coding hypothesis. Journal of educational psychology, 83(4), 484-490.
    Mayer, R. E., & Sims, V. K. (1994). For whom is a picture worth a thousand words? Extensions of a dual-coding theory of multimedia learning. Journal of educational psychology, 86(3), 389-401.
    McCombs, B. L. (2000). Assessing the Role of Educational Technology in the Teaching and Learning Process: A Learner-Centered Perspective.
    McLellan, H. (1993). Evaluation in asituated learning environment. Educational Technology, 33(3), 39-45.
    McLellan, H. (1996). Situated learning: Multiple perspectives. Situated learning perspectives, 5-17.
    Medlock-Walton, P., & Tissenbaum, M. (2017). App Inventor VR Editor for Computational Thinking. Siu-cheung KONG The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 160-163.
    Michael Heim.(1993) The Metaphpysics of Virtual Reality (pp, 109-128) New York: Oxford University Press.
    Molaee, Z., & Dortaj, F. (2015). Improving L2 learning: An ARCS instructional-motivational approach. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 171, 1214-1222.
    Moreno Martínez, N. M., López Meneses, E., & Leiva Olivencia, J. J. (2018). El uso de las tecnologías emergentes como recursos didácticos en ámbitos educativos. International Studies on Law and Education, 29, 131-146.
    Muslares Miranda, Sonia. (2018). La Realidad Virtual como Narrativa digital en Educación Secundaria a través de Cospaces Edu. Estudio de caso: IES El Picarral (Master Thesis). Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (España). Facultad de Educación
    Naya, P. B., & Dos Brozos, C. P. (2017). Construyendo el mundo, recreando la historia. Una experiencia virtual en el aula. In Innovación docente y uso de las TIC en eduación: CD-ROM (p. 54). Universidad de Málaga (UMA).
    Neo, M., Neo, T. K., & Yap, W. L. (2008, November). Students' perceptions of interactive multimedia mediated web-based learning: A Malaysian perspective. In Proceedings of ASCILITE 2008 Conference, Melbourne.
    Nikki, E. (2017, May 6). Re: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved from https//www.theverge.com/2017/5/6/15563922/museums-vr-ar-apps-digital-technology
    Nunan, D (1989). Designing Tasks for the Communicative Classroom. U.K. : Cambridge University Press.
    Nunan, D (1999). Second Language Teaching and Learning. Boston, Heinle & Heinle Publishers.
    Nunan, D (2004). Task Based Language Teaching. U.K. Cambridge University Press.
    O'malley, J. M., O'Malley, M. J., & Chamot, A. U. (1990). Learning strategies in second language acquisition. Cambridge University Press.
    Paivio, A. (1971). Imagery and language. In Imagery (pp. 7-32).
    Paivio, A. (1986). Psychological processes in the comprehension of metaphor. Metophor and Thought, ed. A. Ortony, New York: Cambridge University Press, 150-171.
    Palmer, H. E. (1933). Second interim report on English collocations. In the Tenth Annual Conference of English Teachers under the Auspices of the Institute for Research in English Teaching. Tokyo, Institute for Research in English Teaching, 1933. Tokyo: Kaitakusha.
    Peterson, M. (2012a) EFL learner collaborative interaction in Second Life. ReCALL, 24(1), 20–39.
    Peterson, M. (2012b) Towards a research agenda for the use of three-dimensional virtual worlds in language learning. CALICO Journal, 29(1), 67–80.
    Prabhu, N. S. (1987). Second language pedagogy. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
    Reisoğlu, I., Topu, B., Yılmaz, R., Yılmaz, T. K. and Göktaş, Y. (2017) 3D virtual learning environments in education: A meta-review. Asia Pacific Education Review, 18(1), 81–100.
    Richards, J. C., Platt, J., & Weber, H. (1985). Longman dictionary of applied linguistics. London: Longm
    Rotter, J. B. (1954). Social learning and clinical psychology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ, US: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
    Schon, D. A. (1984). The reflective practitioner: how professionals think in action (Vol. 5126). Basic Books.
    Schön, D. A. (1987). Jossey-Bass higher education series. Educating the reflective practitioner: Toward a new design for teaching and learning in the professions. San Francisco, CA, US: Jossey-Bass.
    Seliger, H. W. (1983). Classroom‐Centered Research in Language Teaching: Two Articles on the State of the Art: Introduction. TESOL Quarterly, 17(2), 189-190.
    Serrano, R., Llanes, A., & Tragant, E. (2011). Analyzing the effect of context of second language learning: Domestic intensive and semi-intensive courses vs. study abroad in Europe. System, 39(2), 133-143.
    Smith, A., Dodge, M., & Doyle, S. (1998). Visual communication in urban planning and urban design (p. 35). University College London, Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis (CASA).
    Suchman, L. (1993). Response to Vera and Simon's situated action: A symbolic interpretation. Cognitive Science, 17(1), 71-75.
    Suchman, L. A. (1987). Plans and situated actions: The problem of human-machine communication. Cambridge university press.
    Swain, M. (1993). The output hypothesis: Just speaking and writing aren't enough. Canadian modern language review, 50(1), 158-164.
    Swain, M. (1995). Three functions of output in second language learning. Principles and practice in applied linguistics: Studies in honor of HG Widdowson, 125-144.
    Swain, M. (2000). The output hypothesis and beyond: Mediating acquisition through collaborative dialogue. Sociocultural Theory and Second Language Learning, 97, 114.
    Swain, M. (2005). The output hypothesis: Theory and research. In Handbook of research in second language teaching and learning (pp. 495-508). Routledge.
    Swain, M., & Lapkin, S. (1995). Problems in output and the cognitive processes they generate: A step towards second language learning. Applied Linguistics, 16(3), 371-391.
    Tiziotto, S. A., & Cazarini, E. W. (2018). Learning in higher education of the XXI century: The use of technology has changed the scenario of learning processes or only gave the apparance of modernity. Brazilian Journal of Education, Technology and Society, 11(2), 334-345.
    United Nations (2018). Re: United Nations. Retrieved from http://www.un.org/en/index.html
    Vandergrift, L. (1999). Facilitating second language listening comprehension: Acquiring successful strategies. ELT Journal, 53(3), 168-176.
    Vandergrift, L. (2004). Listening to Learn or Learning to Listen?. Annual review of applied linguistics, 24, 3-25.
    Want, R., Fishkin, K. P., Gujar, A., & Harrison, B. L. (1999). Bridging physical and virtual worlds with electronics tags. Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems, 370-377.
    Warschauer, M. (1996). Computer-assisted language learning: An introduction. (pp. 3-20). Multimedia Language Teaching
    Weiner, B. (Ed.). (1974). Achievement motivation and attribution theory. General Learning Press.
    William Winn (1993). A conceptual basis for educational applications of virtual reality (Report No. TR-93-9). Human Interface Technology Laboratory, Washington Technology Center.
    Williams, W. M., & Sternberg, R. J. (2002). How parents can maximize children’s cognitive abilities. Handbook of Parenting Volume 5 Practical Issues in Parenting (pp. 168).
    Willis, D., & Willis, J. (2007). Doing task-based teaching: A practical guide to task-based teaching for ELT training courses and practising teachers. J. Willis.–Oxford: OUP.
    Willis, J. (1996). A framework for task-based learning. Harlow, UK: Longman.
    Wong, A., Leahy, W., Marcus, N., & Sweller, J. (2012). Cognitive load theory, the transient information effect and e-learning. Learning and Instruction, 22(6), 449-457.
    Wu, T. T. (2018). Improving the effectiveness of English vocabulary review by integrating ARCS with mobile game‐based learning. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 34(3), 315-323.
    Yeh, Y. L., & Yu-Ju, L. (2018). Fostering student autonomy in English learning through creations in a 3D virtual world. Educational Technology, Research and Development, 66(3), 693-708.

    無法下載圖示 電子全文延後公開
    2025/12/31
    QR CODE