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研究生: 林東余
Lin, Dong-Yu
論文名稱: 後蘇哈托時期印尼華人之參政:以參選地方首長爭取當地社會對於華人之認同
Indonesian Tionghoa's Political Participation in Post-Soeharto Era: The Strive for Identity from Local Societies by Running for Elections of Local Chief Executives
指導教授: 關弘昌
Kuan, Hung-Chang
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 東亞學系
Department of East Asian Studies
論文出版年: 2016
畢業學年度: 104
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 176
中文關鍵詞: 印尼華人華人參政鍾萬學印尼社會之認同地方首長多元而一體網路民族誌
英文關鍵詞: Indonesian-Tionghoa (Chinese), political participation of Tionghoa (Chinese), Basuki Cahaya Purnama (Ahok), identity from Indonesian society, local chief executives, Bhinneka Tunggal Ika, netnography
DOI URL: https://doi.org/10.6345/NTNU202204119
論文種類: 學術論文
相關次數: 點閱:549下載:136
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  • 2014年,印尼出現後蘇哈托時期首位華人省長-鍾萬學,不僅象徵印尼華人之參政邁向新里程碑,激勵更多華人投入當地政治事務,亦有助於維繫華人地位與權利。然而回顧蘇哈托下野之後的印尼華人的參政,不論是華人自組政黨參與當地政治事務,或是代表主流政黨參與議會或地方選舉,當地社會仍有部分不認同華人身份與其族群參政之反對聲音。相較於印尼華人社會,近年積極呼籲與尋求族群自我認同,華人亦須努力爭取當地社會對於華人之認同,透過民主體制之參政途徑,漸次達成其他層面之認同。

    本文首先透過後蘇哈托時期,印尼華人參政事實之文獻分析,認為投身地方首長選舉已漸為華人參政趨勢;並藉由鍾萬學之參政過程與作為,奠定對於華人參政之指標意義。其次,以網路民族誌作為資料蒐集之方法,觀察當地社會對於鍾萬學華人身份之特定議題的留言,可發現多元而一體之國家意識已漸入人心,因而多數人能接受華人身為國家公民,參與當地政治。

    是故,本文認為華人參政不單只為維繫華人社會之生存與發展,反而是得以爭取當地社會對於華人之認同的切入點。儘管當前印尼華人之參政,仍須面臨內外部之窒礙,並積極耕耘於當地政治領域;不過隨著華人參政之勢漸盛,不僅能向內凝聚其自我認同,透過參政促進之交流與互動,亦有助於獲得當地社會對於華人之認同。因此本文提出以華人參政作為切入點,爭取當地社會對於華人之認同的探索性途徑;透過此途徑促進彼此互動,有助於雙方達到其他層面之認同,進而體現印尼建國五原則與多元而一體之國家基礎。

    In 2014, Basuki Cahaya Purnama (popularly known as Ahok) was inaugurated as the first governor with Tionghoa ethnicity in the post-Soeharto era. His case not only marks the milestone of Tionghoa’s political participation in Indonesia, but also inspires more Tionghoa to engage in the local politics, with the aim of maintaining their social status and rights. Nevertheless, while Tionghoa enthusiastically participate in the local politics by means of establishing political parties, being upheld by mainstream parties for representative elections, or running for local elections, there are still some people in the public who do not recognize Tionghoa’s identity and their political participation. Therefore, with companion of recent advocacy to strive for self-identity, the Indonesian-Tionghoa can leap at the chance, through the approach of political participation in the democratic electoral system, to gain the preliminary identity from local society, and gradually achieve identity in other aspects.

    By analyzing the facts of Indonesian-Tionghoa’s political participation after the fall of Soeharto, this research firstly shows that running for elections of local chief executives has steadily become the trend for Tionghoa’s political participation. Moreover, with netnography as the method of data collecting for further analysis, the ideology of Bhinneka Tunggal Ika (Unity in Diversity) has been rooted in the public’s mind since several significant cases, discriminating Basuki’s Tionghoa identity, are denounced by most people in their comments. Accordingly, more people in Indonesia can also accept Tionghoa, as national citizens, to engage in local politics.

    Therefore, it is shown in these case analyses that Tionghoa’s political participation is not only the way to sustain their development, but also the entry point to obtain identity from the local public. Although Tionghoa still need to be more active in political participation with facing internal and external hampers, they may be benefited from interaction brought by more Tionghoa’s political participation, which enhances both their self-identity bound and the identity from the society.

    To sum up, this exploratory research concludes that Indonesian-Tionghoa should seize the opportunity to strive for identity from the public by political participation, which gives Tionghoa a potential approach to stimulating their interaction with the local public and other dimensions of identity from the latter, so as to embody the values disclosed in the national ideology, Pancasila and Bhinneka Tunggal Ika.

    謝辭 / I 中文摘要 / III 英文摘要(Abstract)/ V 目錄 / VII 圖目錄 / XI 表目錄 / XIII 第壹章 緒論 / 1  第一節、研究動機 / 1  第二節、問題意識 / 4  第三節、研究目的 / 4 第貳章 文獻探討與理論回顧 / 5  第一節、文獻探討 / 5   一、後蘇哈托時期印尼華人的政治參與 / 5   二、後蘇哈托時期印尼華人與當地族群之關係與互動 / 16   三、本文研究於現有文獻之重要性 / 23  第二節、理論回顧 / 24   一、華人參政與其途徑 / 24   二、自我認同與外部認同 / 25  第三節、本文之研究理論與相關概念 / 29 第參章 研究方法與架構 / 31  第一節、研究方法 / 31   一、研究內容分析方法 / 31   二、文獻與資料蒐集方法 / 32   三、本文研究使用之文獻與資料 / 38  第二節、研究架構與範圍 / 39   一、研究架構 / 39   二、研究範圍 / 40 第肆章 後蘇哈托時期印尼華人之政治參與 / 41  第一節、印尼華人政黨之發展已式微 / 41  第二節、委任政府要職的印尼華人 / 45  第三節、華人尋求主流政黨支持參選各級議員 / 46  第四節、投身地方首長選舉漸為華人參政趨勢 / 48   一、成功勝選之印尼華人 / 48   二、未能勝選之印尼華人 / 52  第五節、從華人政黨到投身地方首長選舉 / 54 第伍章 鍾萬學與當前華人參政趨勢及困難 / 57  第一節、長期投入印尼政治領域的鍾萬學 / 57  第二節、鍾萬學對於印尼華人參政之指標意義 / 61   一、挑戰既有政治生態 / 61   二、突破少數族群之身份限制從政 / 63   三、奠定當前華人參政趨勢 / 65  第三節、探究當前投身地方首長選舉之參政趨勢 / 66  第四節、當前印尼華人參政之困難與窒礙 / 72   一、內部困難 / 72   二、外部窒礙 / 73 第陸章 透過參政爭取印尼社會對於華人之認同 / 75  第一節、觀察當地社會對於印尼華人參政之反應與認同 / 75   一、負面反應 / 75   二、正面認同 / 83  第二節、參政對於印尼華人自我認同之潛在影響 / 94  第三節、以華人參政為切入點試探印尼社會對於華人之認同 / 98 第柒章 結論 / 105  第一節、研究結果與發現 / 105  第二節、研究建議與未來展望 / 108 參考文獻 / 111  一、中文 / 111  二、英文 / 124  三、印尼文 / 137  四、其他語文 / 153 附錄一:案例留言原文 / 155 附錄二:中印名稱翻譯一覽表 / 171

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    莊國土,2003。〈二戰以後東南亞華族社會地位之變化〉,《東南學術》,2003年第2期,頁59-67。
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    許利平,2011。〈印度尼西亞的多元民主改革及前景〉,《南洋問題研究》,2011年第1期,頁1-9、24。
    郭繼光,2002。〈印尼華人參政問題:歷史與現狀〉,《東南亞研究》,2002年第2期,頁12-15。
    陳志明,2002。〈族群的名稱與族群研究〉,《西北民族研究》,2002年第1期,頁48-54。
    陳志萍,2008。〈精進網路研究方法-網路民族誌〉,《圖書資訊學研究》,第2卷第2期,頁1-15。
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    彭慧,2013。〈東南亞的庇護政黨制芻議-以菲律賓、泰國及印度尼西亞為例〉,《東南亞研究》,2013年第6期,頁4-11。
    彭慧,2015。〈論印尼的庇護主義傳統與華人〉,《南洋問題研究》,2015年第2期,頁55-63。
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    楊宏雲,2008。〈社團、社團領袖與華人社會-以印尼棉蘭市為個案的初步研究〉,《南洋問題研究》,2008年第4期,頁66-73。
    楊宏雲,2011。〈印尼棉蘭的華人:歷史與特徵〉,《華僑華人歷史研究》,2011年第1期,2011年,頁40-46。
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    楊啟光,2000。〈後蘇哈托時代印尼華人窺探-世紀之交印尼華人發展、演變的微觀分析與宏觀把握〉,《華僑華人歷史研究》,2000年第2期,頁1-14。
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    楊啟光,2004。〈雅加達華人新生代的考察分析-兼論各次文化群體在「印尼華人文化」建構中的整合〉,《華僑華人歷史研究》,2004年第3期,頁35-44。
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    (六)學位論文
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    (七)研討會論文
    吳德美、何景榮,2004/4/22-23。〈印尼華人的政治地位與政治參與〉,「2004年台灣的東南亞區域研究」年度研討會。臺北:淡江大學東南亞研究所。
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    蔡依桃,2014/6/26。〈社群媒體之監控形成-「分享」意識型態之規訓〉,中華傳播學會2014年「跨媒介、文化創意與反思」年會。臺北:中華傳播學會。

    (八)官方文件與檔案資料
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    趙金川,2000/4/25。〈瓦希德撤換印尼內閣經濟部長的背景及其影響〉,《新華社》,<http://www.cetin.net.cn/cetin2/servlet/cetin/action/HtmlDocument Action;jsessionid=129AEFFAE6B65B0B229C704058028162?baseid=1&docno=147765>。
    鄺耀章,2010/4/23。〈華裔國會議員前東勿里洞縣長鐘萬學-實行免費教育與醫療的印尼第一位華裔縣長〉,《印度尼西亞商報》,<http://www.shangbaoindonesia.com/?p=11500>。
    鄺耀章,2012/9/24。〈佐科威與鍾萬學勝選雅京省長的啟示〉,《印度尼西亞商報》,<http://www.shangbaoindonesia.com/?p=54002>。

    二、英文
    (一)專書
    Altheide, David L., 1996. Qualitative Media Analysis. California: Sage Publications.
    Ananta, Aris & Evi Nurvidya Arifin & Leo Suryadinata, 2005. Emerging Democracy in Indonesia. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
    Ananta, Aris, and Arifin, Evi Nurvidya, and Leo, Suryadinata, 2003. Indonesia’s Population: Ethnicity and Religion in a Changing Political Landscape. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
    Barth, Fredrik, 1969. Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: The Social Organization of Culture Difference. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.
    Bertrand, Jacques, 2004. Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict in Indonesia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    Conway, Margaret M., 1991. Political Participation in the United States, Second Edition. Washington: Congressional Quarterly.
    Dawis, Aimee, 2009. The Chinese of Indonesia and Their Search for Identity: The Relationship between Collective Memory and the Media. New York: Cambria Press.
    Freedman, Amy L., 2000. Political Participation and Ethnic Minorities: Chinese Overseas in Malaysia, Indonesia, and the United States. New York: Routledge.
    Hui, Yew-Foong, 2011. Strangers at Home: History and Subjectivity among the Chinese Communities of West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Leiden & Boston: Brill.
    Kaelan, 2014. The Philosophy of Pancasila: The Way of Life of Indonesian Nation. Yogyakarta: Paradigma Press.
    Kozinets, Robert V., 2015. Netnography: Redefined. California: Sage Publications.
    Lee, Khoon Choy, 2013. Golden Dragon and Purple Phoenix: The Chinese and Their Multi-Ethnic Descendants in Southeast Asia. Singapore: World Scientific.
    Lindsay, Jennifer Lindsay & Maya H.T. Liem, 2012. Heirs to World Culture: Being Indonesian 1950-1965. Leiden: KITLV Press.
    Liu, Cindy, 2015. Worldwide Internet and Mobile Users: eMarketer’s Updated Estimates for 2015. New York: eMarketer Inc.
    Prasad, Karolina, 2015. Identity Politics and Elections in Malaysia and Indonesia: Ethnic Engineering in Borneo. New York: Routledge.
    Schwandt, Thomas A., 2007. The Sage Dictionary of Qualitative Inquiry, Third Edition. California: Sage Publications.
    Suryadinata, Leo, 2002. Elections and Politics in Indonesia. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
    Suryadinata, Leo, 2007. Understanding the Ethnic Chinese in Southeast Asia. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
    Suryadinata, Leo, 2015. Prominent Indonesian Chinese: Biographical Sketches. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
    Tanasaldy, Taufiq, 2012. Regime Change and Ethnic Politics in Indonesia - Dayak Politics of West Kalimantan. Leiden: KITLV Press.
    World Newsmedia Network, 2015. Global Social Media Trends 2015. Oxford: European Publishers Council.

    (二)專書論文
    Ananta, Aris & Evi Nurvidya Arifin & Bakhtiar, 2008. “Chinese Indonesians in Indonesia and the Province of Riau Archipelago: A Demographic Analysis,” in Leo Suryadinata, ed., Ethnic Chinese in Contemporary Indonesia. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 17-47.
    Anderson, Benedict R. O’G., 1978. “Studies of the Thai State: The State of Thai Studies,” in Eliezer B. Ayal, ed., The Study of Thailand: Analyses of Knowledge, Approaches, and Prospects in Anthropology, Art history, Economics, History, and Political Science. Athens: Ohio University. pp. 193-233.
    Chan, Margaret, 2013. “The Spirit-Mediums of Singkawang: Performing ‘Peoplehood’ of West Kalimantan,” in Sai Siew-Min & Hoon Chang-Yau, ed., Chinese Indonesians Reassessed: History, Religion and Belonging. New York: Routledge. pp. 138-158.
    Coppel, Charles A., 2008. “Anti-Chinese Violence in Indonesia after Soeharto,” in Leo Suryadinata, ed., Ethnic Chinese in Contemporary Indonesia. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 117-136.
    Hui, Yew-Foong & Ikrar Nusa Bhakti, 2015. “The Gubernatorial Race in Jakarta: Background and Implications,” in Ulla Fionna, ed., ISEAS Perspective: Watching the Indonesian Elections 2014. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 1-7.
    Purdey, Jemma, 2006. “The ‘Other’ May Riots: Anti-Chinese Violence in Solo, May 1998,” in Charles A. Coppel, ed., Violent Conflicts in Indonesia: Analysis, Representation, Resolution. London & New York: Routledge. pp. 72-89.
    Satriyo, Hana A., 2010. “Pushing the Boundaries: Women in Direct Local Elections and Local Government,” in Edward Aspinall & Marcus Mietzner, ed., Problems of Democratisation in Indonesia: Elections, Institutions and Society. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 243-264.
    Sidharta, Myra, 2004. “The Hainanese in Bali: A Long Process of Integration,” in Leo Suryadinata, ed., Chinese Indonesians: State Policy, Monoculture, and Multiculture. Singapore: Eastern Universities Press. pp. 69-81.
    Skågeby, Jörgen, 2011. “Online Ethnographic Methods: Towards a Qualitative Understanding of Virtual Community Practices,” in Ben Kei Daniel, ed., Handbook of Research on Methods and Techniques for Studying Virtual Communities: Paradigms and Phenomena. Hershey, Pennsylvania: Information Science Reference. pp. 410-428.
    Subianto, Benny, 2009. “Ethnic Politics and the Rise of the Dayak-Bureaucrats in Local Elections: Pilkada in Six Kabupaten in West Kalimantan,” in Maribeth Erb & Priyambudi Sulistiyanto, ed., Deepening Democracy in Indonesia? Direct Elections for Local Leaders (Pilkada). Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 327-351.
    Suryadinata, Leo, 1997. “Ethnic Chinese in Southeast Asia: Overseas Chinese, Chinese Overseas or Southeast Asians?” in Leo Suryadinata, ed., Ethnic Chinese as Southeast Asians. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 1-32.
    Suryadinata, Leo, 2004. “Indonesian State Policy towards Ethnic Chinese: From Assimilation to Multiculturalism?,” in Leo Suryadinata, ed., Chinese Indonesians: State Policy, Monoculture, and Multiculture. Singapore: Eastern Universities Press. pp. 1-16.
    Suryadinata, Leo, 2008. “Chinese Indonesians in an Era of Globalization: Some Major Characteristics,” in Leo Suryadinata, ed., Ethnic Chinese in Contemporary Indonesia. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 1-16.
    Tan, Mely G., 2011. “The State and Peranakan Chinese in Indonesia,” in Leo Suryadinata, ed., Peranakan Chinese in a Globalizing Southeast Asia. Singapore: Chinese Heritage Centre and Baba House. pp. 84-106.
    Tumenggung, Adeline M. & Yanuar Nugroho, 2005. “Marooned in the Junction: Indonesian Youth Participation in Politics,” in Beate Martin, ed., Go! Young Progressives in Southeast Asia. Manila: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung. pp. 27-57.
    Utomo, Tri Widodo Wahyu, 2011. “Building Good Governance through Decentralization in Indonesia (Recognizing Some Inhibiting Factors in the Implementation Stage),” in Hirotsune Kimura et al., ed., Limits of Good Governance in Developing Countries. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press. pp. 245-273.
    Wang, Gungwu, 1988. “The Study of Chinese Identities in Southeast Asia,” in Jennifer Cushman & Gungwu Wang, ed., Changing Identities of the Southeast Asian Chinese since World War II. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. pp. 1-22.
    Weller, Katrin & Katharina E. Kinder-Kurlanda, 2015. “Uncovering the Challenges in Collection, Sharing and Documentation: The Hidden Data of Social Media Research?,” in Derek Ruths & Juergen Pfeffer, ed., Standards and Practices in Large-Scale Social Media Research: Papers from the 2015 ICWSM Workshop. California: The AAAI Press. pp. 28-37.

    (三)期刊論文
    Aspinall, Edward & Marcus Mietzner, 2014. “Indonesian Politics in 2014: Democracy’s Close Call,” Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, Vol. 50, No. 3, pp. 347-369.
    Aspinall, Edward & Sebastian Dettman & Eve Warburton, 2011. “When Religion Trumps Ethnicity: A Regional Election Case Study from Indonesia,” South East Asia Research, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 27-58.
    Aspinall, Edward, 2011. “Democratization and Ethnic Politics in Indonesia: Nine Theses,” Journal of East Asian Studies, No. 1, pp. 289-319.
    Barreto, Manuela & Naomi Ellemers, 2003. “The Effects of Being Categorised: The Interplay between Internal and External Social Identities,” European Review of Social Psychology, Vol. 14, pp. 139-170.
    Bartl, Michael& Vijai Kumar Kannan & Hanna Stockinger, 2016. “A Review and Analysis of Literature on Netnography Research,” International Journal of Technology Marketing, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 165-196.
    Bevelander, Pieter & Ravi Pendakur, 2009. “Social Capital and Voting Participation of Immigrants and Minorities in Canada,” Ethnic and Racial Studies, Vol. 32, No. 8, pp. 1406-1430.
    Brown, Rupert & Miles Hewstone, 2005. “An Integrative Theory of Intergroup Contact,” Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 37, pp. 255-343.
    Brubaker, Rogers & Frederick Cooper, 2000. “Beyond ‘Identity’,” Theory and Society, Vol. 29, pp. 1-47.
    Carter, Denise, 2005. “Living in Virtual Communities: Ethnography of Human Relationships in Cyberspace,” Information, Communication & Society, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 148-167.
    Chong, Wu-Ling, 2015. “Local Politics and Chinese Indonesian Business in Post-Suharto Era,” Southeast Asian Studies, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 487-532.
    Hamid, Abdul, 2014. “Jokowi’s Populism in the 2012 Jakarta Gubernatorial Election,” Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 85-109.
    Herlijanto, Johanes, 2016. “What Does Indonesia’s Pribumi Elite Think of Ethnic Chinese Today?,” ISEAS Perspective, Vol. 2016, No. 32, pp. 1-9.
    Hillman, Ben, 2012. “Ethnic Politics and Local Political Parties in Indonesia,” Asian Ethnicity, Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 419-440.
    King, Gary & Jennifer Pan & Margaret E. Roberts, 2014. “Reverse-Engineering Censorship in China: Randomized Experimentation and Participant Observation,” Science, Vol. 345, No. 6199, pp. 1-10.
    Klinken, Gerry van, 2008. “The Limits of Ethnic Clientelism in Indonesia,” Review of Indonesian and Malaysian Affairs, Vol. 42, No. 2, pp. 35-65.
    Lan, Thung Ju, 2009. “Chinese-Indonesians in Local Politics: A Review Essay,” Kyoto Review of Southeast Asia, Issue 11, pp. 1-11.
    Langer, Roy & Suzanne C. Beckman, 2005. “Sensitive Research Topics: Netnography Revisited,” Qualitative Market Research, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 189-203.
    Masaaki, Okamoto & Honna Jun, 2014. “’Local’ Politics in Jakarta: Anomaly from Indonesia’s Local Politics?,” Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 3-6.
    Masduki, 2014. “Media Conglomeration and Political Intervention in 2014-General Election of Indonesia,” GSTF Journal on Media & Communications, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 8-13.
    Mietzner, Marcus, 2014. “Indonesia’s 2014 Elections: How Jokowi Won and Democracy Survived,” Journal of Democracy, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 111-125.
    Miichi, Ken, 2014. “The Role of Religion and Ethnicity in Jakarta’s 2012 Gubernatorial Election,” Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 55-83.
    Moreno, Megan A. & Natalie Goniu & Peter S. Moreno & Douglas Diekema, 2013. “Ethics of Social Media Research: Common Concerns and Practical Considerations,” Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, Vol. 16, No. 9, pp. 708-713.
    Mulyana, Deddy & Agustina Zubair, 2015. “Intercultural Communication Competence Developed by Chinese in Communicating with Malays in Bangka Island, Indonesia,” Sino-US English Teaching, Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 299-309.
    Muzajji, Akh, 2010. “Ethnic Chinese Muslims in Indonesia: An Unfinished Anti-Discrimination Project,” Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 81-96.
    Nunan, Daniel & Baskin Yenicioglu, 2013. “Informed, Uninformed and Participative Consent in Social Media Research,” International Journal of Market Research, Vol. 55, No. 6, pp. 791-808.
    Prasetyawan, Wahyu, 2014. “Ethnicity and Voting Patterns in the 2007 and 2012 Gubernatorial Elections in Jakarta,” Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 29-54.
    Quintelier, Ellen, 2009. “The Political Participation of Immigrant Youth in Belgium,” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Vol. 35, No. 6, pp. 919-937.
    Sandovici, Maria Elena & Ola Listhaug, 2010. “Ethnic and Linguistic Minorities and Political Participation in Europe,” International Journal of Comparative Sociology, Vol. 51, No. 1-2, pp. 111-136.
    Setiawan, Deny, 2014. “Integration in the Process of National Identity Formation for Growing Citizenship Culture of Chinese Ethnic in Medan City, Indonesia,” Humanities and Social Sciences, Vol. 2, No. 6, pp. 195-205.
    Setijadi, Charlotte, 2016. “Ethnic Chinese in Contemporary Indonesia: Changing Identity Politics and the Paradox of Sinification,” ISEAS Perspective, No. 12, pp. 1-11.
    Silva, Felix Da, 2010. “The Chinese Minority in Indonesia,” Hohonu, Vol. 8, pp. 61-63.
    Suaedy, Ahmad, 2014. “The Role of Volunteers and Political Participation in the 2012 Jakarta Gubernatorial Election,” Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 111-138.
    Suryadinata, Leo, 1993. “Patterns of Chinese Political Participation in Four ASEAN States,” Contemporary Southeast Asia, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 292-308.
    Suryadinata, Leo, 1999. “The Ethnic Chinese Issue and National Integration in Indonesia,” Trends in Southeast Asia, No. 2, pp. 1-18.
    Suryadinata, Leo, 2001. “Chinese Politics in Post-Suharto Indonesia: Beyond the Ethnic Approach?,” Asian Survey, Vol. 41, No. 3, pp. 502-524.
    Tanasaldy, Taufiq, 2013. “Opportunities and Challenges: Social and Political Activism of the Indonesian Chinese in Post-Reform Indonesia,” Review of Indonesian and Malaysian Affairs, Vol. 47, No. 2, pp. 91-116.
    Tanasaldy, Taufiq, 2015. “A Decade after the Reform: Political Activism of the Chinese of West Kalimantan, Indonesia,” Asian Ethnicity, Vol. 16, No. 4, pp. 446-479.
    Tapsell, Ross, 2015. “Indonesia’s Media Oligarchy and the Jokowi Phenomenon,” Indonesia, No. 99, pp. 29-50.
    Turner, Sarah & Pamela Allen, 2007. “Chinese Indonesians in a Rapidly Changing Nation: Pressures of Ethnicity and Identity,” Asia Pacific Viewpoint, Vol. 48, No. 1, pp. 112-127.
    Wilkinson, David & Mike Thelwall, 2011. “Researching Personal Information on the Public Web: Methods and Ethics,” Social Science Computer Review, Vol. 29, No. 4, pp. 387-401.

    (四)學位論文
    Auikool, Chontida, 2013. Ethnic Relations in Multicultural Medan in Post-Suharto Indonesia. Master Thesis, Faculty of Political Science, Thammasat University, Bangkok, Thailand.
    Chong, Wu Ling, 2014. Democratisation and Ethnic Minorities: Chinese Indonesians in Post-Suharto Indonesia. PhD Thesis, Department of Sociology, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
    Eifert, Yvonne, 2012. Conflict Formation and Transformation in Indonesia: Chinese and Indigenous Indonesians on Their Way to Peace? A Peace and Conflict Analysis According to the Transcend Method. PhD Thesis, Department of Social and Cultural Studies, University of Giessen, Hesse, Germany.
    Epley, Jennifer L., 2010. Voices of the Faithful: Religion and Politics in Contemporary Indonesia. PhD Thesis, Department of Political Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States.
    Giblin, Susan Mary, 2003. Being Chinese and Indonesian: Chinese Organisations in Post-Suharto Indonesia. PhD Thesis, Department of East Asian Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
    Sujarwoko, 2008. Politics of Ethnic Discrimination and Resistance: The Chinese Ethnic in Indonesia 1998-2008. Master Thesis, Graduate School of Development Studies, Institute of Social Studies, The Hague, The Netherlands.

    (五)研究報告
    Bengry-Howell, Andrew & Rose Wiles & Melanie Nind & Graham Crow, 2011. A Review of the Academic Impact of Three Methodological Innovations: Netnography, Child-Led Research and Creative Research Methods, NCRM Working Paper. Southampton: National Centre for Research Methods.
    Macdonald, Geoffrey, 2013. Election Rules and Identity Politics: Understanding the Success of Multiethnic Parties in Indonesia, IFES Hybl Democracy Studies Fellowship Paper. Washington: International Foundation for Electoral Systems.
    Sanjaya, Muhammad Ryan, 2014. “Valuing Political Parties in an Uncertain Coalition,” Gadjah Mada Working Paper in Economics and Business (JEL Classification: D72, O17, P48). Yogyakarta, Indonesia: Faculty of Economics and Business Universitas Gadjah Mada.
    Suryadarma, Daniel & Wenefrida Widyanti & Asep Suryahadi & Sudarno Sumarto, 2006. From Access to Income: Regional and Ethnic Inequality in Indonesia. Jakarta: SMERU Working Paper.

    (六)媒體資料
    Afra, Marguerite, 2015/10/14. “Ahok Highest in Polls,” The Jakarta Post, <http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/10/14/ahok-highest-polls.html>.
    Anam, Khairul, 2013/10/16. “Ahok Wins 2013 Bung Hatta Anti-Corruption Award,” Tempo, <https://metro.tempo.co/read/news/2013/10/16/057522160>.
    Basuki, Tobias, 2012/9/13. “Jakarta’s Gubernatorial Elections: Lessons for Indonesian Democracy,” East Asia Forum, <http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2012/09/13/jakartas-gubernatorial-elections-lessons-for-indonesian-democracy>.
    Blake, Chris Blake & Brian Leonal, 2014/8/6. “Riot Survivor Ready to Become First Chinese Jakarta Governor,” Bloomberg, <http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-08-05/riot-survivor-ahok-in-line-to-be-first-chinese-jakarta-governor>.
    Chew, Lee Kim, 1999/4/18. “Indonesia’s Chinese Try to Break Political Shackles,” Straits Times, cited from <https://www.library.ohiou.edu/indopubs/1999/04/18/0037.html>.
    Cochrane, Joe, 2014/11/22. “An Ethnic Chinese Christian, Breaking Barriers in Indonesia,” The New York Times, <http://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/23/ world/asia/an-ethnic-chinese-christian-breaking-barriers-in-indonesia.html>.
    Cochrane, Joe, 2016/6/4. “Governor of Jakarta Bucks Indonesia’s Party Politics,” The New York Times, <http://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/05/world/asia/ indonesia-jakarta-governor-basuki-ahok.html>.
    Dawis, Aimee, 2008/11/14. “Leo Suryadinata: Pushing the Boundaries,” The Jakarta Post, <http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2008/11/14/ leo-suryadinata-pushing-boundaries.html>.
    Elyda, Corry, 2016/1/26. “Ahok Popular, Risma Likable: CSIS Survey,” The Jakarta Post, <http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2016/01/26/ahok-popular- risma-likable-csis-survey.html>.
    Faizal, Elly Burhaini, 2011/10/27. “Booming Population Spawns Urbanization Problems: UN,” The Jakarta Post, <http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/ 2011/10/27/booming-population-spawns-urbanization-problems-un.html>.
    Hariyadi, Mathias, 2012/9/21. “Jakarta: Election Victory for Challenging Duo, Ethnic Chinese Christian Deputy Governor,” AsiaNews.it, <http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Jakarta:-election-victory-for-challenging-duo,-ethnic-Chinese-Christian-deputy-governor-25877.html>.
    Higgins, Andrew, 2012/8/18. “In Indonesia, Ethnic Chinese See a New Future,” The Washington Post, <https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/ in-indonesia-ethnic-chinese-see-a-new-future/2012/08/18/4befc374-e870-11e1-9739-eef99c5fb285_story.html>.
    Hussain, Zakir, 2012/6/8. “Ethnicity Is No Issue for Ahok,” The Jakarta Post, <http:// www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/06/08/ethnicity-no-issue-ahok.html>.
    Jegho, Leo, 2016/4/24. “Jakarta Election: Ahok Versus Everyone (and Everything),” Global Indonesian Voices, <http://www.globalindonesianvoices.com/25892>.
    Kapoor, Kanupriya, 2014/7/8. “New Breed Starts to Muscle in on Indonesia’s Old-Style Patronage Politics,” Reuters, <http://www.reuters.com/article/ us-indonesia-election-breed-idUSKBN0FD0D020140708>.
    Pembaruan, Suara & Yeremia Sukoyo, 2013/9/6. “Basuki More Popular than Joko, Poll Finds,” The Jakarta Globe, <http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/news/jakarta/ basuki-more-popular-than-joko-poll-finds>.
    Primanita & Daslani, 2012/9/25. “Basuki’s Win to Pave Way for Ethnic Chinese in Indonesian Politics,” The Jakarta Globe, <http://jakartaglobe.beritasatu.com/archive/basukis-win-to-pave-way-for-ethnic-chinese-in-indonesian-politics>.
    Purnamasari, Deti Mega & Eko Prasetyo, 2016/5/11. “Jakarta Wins Four Awards for Best City, Innovative Planning,” The Jakarta Globe, <http://jakartaglobe. beritasatu.com/news/jakarta-wins-four-awards-best-city-innovative-planning>.
    Schonhardt, Sara, 2012/9/19. “Outsider Breathing New Ideas into Jakarta Election,” The New York Times, <http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/20/world/asia/20iht-jakarta20.html>.
    Sihalolo, Markus Junianto, 2014/4/25. “Hary Tanoe Urged to Quit Hanura, Go Back to Being a Businessman,” The Jakarta Globe, <http://jakartaglobe.beritasatu. com/news/hary-tanoe-urged-quit-hanura-go-back-businessman>.
    Sirait, Bunga, 2009/10/7. “Suryatati A. Manan: The Poetic Mayor,” The Jakarta Post, <http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2009/10/07/suryatati-a-manan-the-poetic-mayor.html>.
    Sugiharto, Enggar Ferry Wibowo, 2015/8/1. “Ahok for Indonesia: A Trajectory beyond 2017,” The Jakarta Post, <http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/ 08/01/ahok-indonesia-a-trajectory-beyond-2017.html>.
    Wardhana, Seto, 2016/3/13. “The Week in Review: Do We Still Want Ahok?,” The Jakarta Post, <http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2016/03/13/ the-week-review-do-we-still-want-ahok.html>.
    Wardhani, Dewanti A., 2016/3/19. “More Parties to Support Ahok’s Independent Bid,” The Jakarta Post, <http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2016/03/19/ more-parties-support-ahok-s-independent-bid.html>.
    Wijaya, Callistasia A., 2016/3/31. “Ahok Fears Minority Issues Will Hamper His Candidacy in Jakarta Election,” The Jakarta Post, <http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2016/03/31/ahok-fears-minority-issues-will-hamper-his-candidacy-jakarta-election.html>.
    Wijaya, Callistasia A., 2016/5/7. “Teman Ahok Expects Khan’s Victory to Inspire Jakarta Voters,” The Jakarta Post, <http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/ 2016/05/08/teman-ahok-expects-khans-victory-to-inspire-jakarta-voters.html>.
    Winarnita, Monika, 2013/2/15. “Why Ahok’s Chinese Ethnicity Is Not a Problem in Today’s Jakarta,” The Jakarta Globe, <http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/ archive/why-ahoks-chinese-ethnicity-is-not-a-problem-in-todays-jakarta>.
    Yuwono, Jane, 2013/9/5. “Jakarta’s Youth Like Basuki’s Hand-On Approach, But Recommend Softer Touch,” The Jakarta Globe, <http://jakartaglobe.beritasatu.com/news/jakartas-youth-like-basukis-hand-on-approach-but-recommend-softer-touch>.

    三、印尼文
    (一)專書
    Bua, Piter Randan, 2014. The Ahok Way - Hidup adalah Kebenaran, Mati adalah Keuntungan. Bandung: PT. Visi Anugerah Indonesia.
    Buchari, Sri Astuti, 2014. Kebangkitan Etnis Menuju Politik Identitas. Jakarta: Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia.
    Hanan, Djayadi, 2014. Menakar Presidensialisme Multipartai di Indonesia: Upaya Mencari Format Demokrasi yang Stabil dan Dinamis dalam Konteks Indonesia. Bandung: Mizan Media Utama.
    Hasani, Fahmi & Rosyadi, 2014. Indeks Kinerja Hak Asasi Manusia 2014. Jakarta: SETARA Institute.
    Heryanto, Gun Gun Heryanto & Iding Rosyidin, 2015. 10 Tokoh Transformatif Indonesia. Jakarta: Penerbit Erlangga.
    Jusuf, Iskandar, 2014. Bangsa Tionghoa di Perantauan jadi Bangsa Indonesia Suku Tionghoa. Tangerang: Penerbit Sekolah Terpadu Pahoa.
    La Ode, M. D., 2012. Etnis Cina Indonesia dalam Politik: Politik Etnis Cina dan Singkawang di Era Reformasi 1998-2008. Jakarta: Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia.
    Liem, Yusie, 2000. Prasangka terhadap Etnis Cina: Sebuah Intisari. Jakarta: Djambatan.
    Mahfud, Choirul, 2013. Manifesto Politik Tionghoa di Indonesia. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.
    Meisburger, Tim, ed., 2003. Demokrasi di Indonesia: Sebuah Survei Pemilih Indonesia 2003. Jakarta: The Asia Foundation.
    Nyoto, 2002. Rekonstruksi Problematika Minoritas Tionghoa di Indonesia. Pekanbaru: Unri Press.
    Perdana, Fahmi Rafika, 2008. Integrasi Sosial Muslim-Tionghoa: Studi atas Partisipasi PITI DIY dalam Gerakan Pembauran. Yogyakarta: Mystico.
    Purdey, Jemma, 2013. Kekerasan Anti-Tionghoa di Indonesia, 1996-1999. Denpasar: Pustaka Larasan.
    Purnama, Basuki Tjahaja, 2008. Merubah Indonesia: The Story of Basuki Tjahaja Purnama - Tidak Selamanya Orang Miskin Dilupakan. Jakarta: Center for Democracy and Transparency.
    Santosa, Agus, 2015. Hargaku Adalah Nyawaku: Basuki Tjahaja Purnama Berani Mati Demi Konstitusi dan Melawan Korupsi. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
    Sarwono, Aylawati, 2009. Rekor-Rekor Muri. Jakarta: Elex Media Komputindo.
    Setiono, Benny G., 2003. Tionghoa dalam Pusaran Politik: Mengungkap Fakta Sejarah Tersembunyi Orang Tionghoa di Indonesia. Jakarta: TransMedia.
    Sitabuana, Tundjung Herning, 2014. Penyelesaian Masalah Diskriminasi terhadap Etnis Cina (Studi tentang Perkembangan Politik Hukum di Bidang Kewarganegaraan Republik Indonesia). Jakarta: Konstitusi Press.
    Suhandinata, Justian, 2009. WNI Keturunan Tionghoa dalam Stabilitas Ekonomi dan Politik Indonesia. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
    Suryadinata, Leo, 2010. Etnis Tionhoa dan Nasionalisme Indonesia: Sebuah Bunga Rampai 1965-2008. Jakarta: Kompas.
    Tan, Mely G., 2008. Etnis Tionghoa di Indonesia. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia.
    Usman, A. Rani, 2009. Etnis Cina Perantauan di Aceh. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia.
    Widyawati, Nina, 2009. Etnisitas dan Agama: Sebagai Isu Politik Kampanye JK-Wiranto pada Pemilu 2009. Jakarta: Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia.
    Yuwono, Ismantoro Dwi, 2014. Ahok: Dari Kontroversi ke Kontroversi. Yogyakarta: Media Pressindo.
    Zein, Abdul Baqir, 2000. Etnis Cina dalam Potret Pembauran di Indonesia. Jakarta: Prestasi Insan Indonesia.

    (二)專書論文
    Budiman, Arief, 2000. “Siauw Giok Tjhan yang Tidak Saya Kenal,” in Siauw Tiong Djin & Oey Hay Djoen, ed., Sumbangsih Siauw Giok Tjhan dan Baperki dalam Sejarah Indonesia. Jakarta: Hasta Mitra. pp. 131-137.
    Dawis, Aimee, 2010. “Orang Tionghoa Berorganisasi: Yang Kini Lanjutan dari Masa Lalu?,” in I. Wibowo & Thung Ju Lan, ed., Setelah Air Mata Kering: Masyarakat Tionghoa Pasca-Peristiwa Mei 1998. Jakarta: Kompas. pp. 49-74.
    Madung, Otto Gusti, 2015. “Keterlibatan Politik Warga Etnis Tionghoa di Kabupaten Belu: Geliat Multikulturalisme atau Simbol Politik Patronase?,” in Caroline Paskarina & Mariatul Asiah & Otto Gusti Madung, ed., Berebut Kontrol atas Kesejahteraan: Kasus-Kasus Politisasi Demokrasi di Tingkat Lokal. Yogyakarta: Penerbit PolGov. pp. 132-149.
    Paeni, Mukhlis, 2011. “Melihat Kembali Nasionalisme Indonesia dalam Konteks Masyarakat Plural melalui Perspektif Sejarah,” in Thung Ju Lan & M. ‘Azzam Manan, ed., Nasionalisme dan Ketahanan Budaya di Indonesia: Sebuah Tantangan. Jakarta: LIPI Press. pp. 70-89.
    Qodir, Zuly, 2015. “Pemikiran Islam, Multikulturalisme dan Kewargaan,” in Wawan Gunawan Abdul Wahid & Muhammad Abdullah Darraz & Ahmad Fuad Fanani, ed., Fikih Kebinekaan: Pandangan Islam Indonesia tentang Umat, Kewargaan dan Kepemimpinan Non-Muslim. Bandung: Mizan Publishing House. pp. 550-580.
    Suryani, Georgene & Ambang Priyonggo, 2015. “Tingkat Objektivitas VOA-Islam.com Terkait Aksi Penolakan terhadap Ahok,” in Ambang Priyonggo & FX. Lilik Dwi M. & Adi Wibowo, ed., Dinamika Media dalam Masyarakat Kontemporer Indonesia. Tangerang: Universitas Multimedia Nusantara Press. pp. 550-580.
    Wirutomo, Paulus, 2012. “Menyongsong Masa Depan Integrasi Masyarakat Indonesia,” in Paulus Wirutomo, ed., Sistem Sosial Indonesia. Jakarta: Penerbit Universitas Indonesia. pp. 289-331.
    Yasmine, Daisy Indira, 2012. “Hubungan Sosial antar Kelompok Etnik,” in Paulus Wirutomo, ed., Sistem Sosial Indonesia. Jakarta: Penerbit Universitas Indonesia. pp. 87-125.

    (三)期刊論文
    Alfirdaus, Laila K. & Eric Hiariej & Farsijana Adeney-Risakotta, 2014. “Politik Relasi Etnik: Matrilinealitas dan Etnik Minoritas Cina di Padang, Sumatra Barat,” Jurnal Komunitas, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 136-150.
    Atmadja, Xena Levina, 2014. “Analisis Framing terhadap Pemberitaan Sosok Basuki Tjahaja Purnama (Ahok) di Media Online,” Jurnal E-Komunikasi, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 1-11.
    Burhan, Omar Khalifa & Jefri Sani, 2013. “Prasangka terhadap Etnis Tionghoa di Kota Medan: Peran Identitas Nasional dan Persepsi Ancaman,” Psikologia, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 25-33.
    Eriyanto, 2008. “Faktor Etnis dalam Pilkada Pilkada,” Lingkaran Survei Indonesia Kajian Bulanan, No. 9, pp. 1-22.
    Hani Septianti Putri, Rizky, 2013. “Partisipasi Politik Etnis Tionghoa dalam Pemilukada Tahun 2009 (Studi Kasus Desa Kragan Kec. Kragan Kab. Rembang),” Jurnal Paradigma, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 1-7.
    Hanif, Hasrul, 2009. “Politik Klientelisme Baru dan Dilema Demokratisasi di Indonesia,” Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 327-351.
    Hidayah, Sita, 2012. “Antropologi Digital dan Hiperteks: Sebuah Pembahasan Awal,” Jurnal Ranah, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 2-10.
    Ibrahim, 2013. “Tionghoa Indonesia: Dari Dikotomi ke Mono-Identitas,” Jurnal Society UBB, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 46-55.
    Juditha, Christiany, 2015. “Stereotip dan Prasangka dalam Konflik Etnis Tionghoa dan Bugis Makassar,” Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 87-104.
    Juliastutik, 2010. “Perilaku Elit Politik Etnis Tionghoa Pasca Reformasi,” Jurnal Humanity, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 45-58.
    Kuswandi, H. & Aceu Masruroh, 2013. “Eksistensi Etnis Cina di Kecamatan Cihideung Kota Tasikmalaya Tahun 1999-2012,” Jurnal ARTEFAK, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 133-142.
    Lindawaty, Debora Sanur, 2012. “Efektivitas Mesin Partai Politik dalam Pemilihan Gubernur DKI 2012,” Info Singkat, Vol. 4, No. 18, pp. 17-20.
    Ma’rifah, Yusfirlana Nuri & Warsono, 2014. “Orientasi Politik Politisi Etnis Cina di Surabaya pada Pemilu 2004 dan 2009,” Kajian Moral dan Kewarganegaraan, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 143-158.
    Mahdalena, Lidya, 2012. “Tingkahlaku Politik Etnis Tionghoa pada Pemilukada 2010 di Kota Medan,” Jurnal Dinamika Politik, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 7-12.
    Miswardi, 2014. “Pola Interaksi antar Etnis Tionghoa dan Masyarakat Lokal di Kampung Cina Bukittinggi,” Islam dan Realitas Sosial, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 43-60.
    Pangestuti, Sri & Agoeng Noegroho & Gita Yudha Prasetyawati, 2008. “Komunikasi Politik Entis Tionghoa,” Acta Diurna, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 67-75.
    Prasetyo, Danny, 2014. “Persepsi Masyarakat DKI Jakarta terhadap Figur dan Komunikasi Politik Basuki Tjahaja Purnama (Ahok),” Politika, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 5-17.
    Rahmat, Yusuf & Purwoko & Ahmad Taufiq, 2013. “Etnis Tionghoa dan Politik Studi Kasus Elit Etnis Tionghoa dalam Kepengurusan Partai Politik PDI-P dan Gerindra di Kota Semarang Periode 2009-2014,” Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 436-445.
    Revida, Erika, 2006. “Interaksi Sosial Masyarakat Etnik Cina dengan Pribumi di Kota Medan Sumatera Utara,” Jurnal Harmoni Sosial, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 23-27.
    Richardo, Boy, 2014. “Perubahan Pemilih pada PILKADA DKI Jakarta Putaran Kedua,” Jurnal POLITIK, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 1381-1394.
    Wulandari, Heni S. & Nunik Retno & Purwoko, 2013. “Hubungan Tingkat Sosial Ekonomi terhadap Tingkat Partisipasi Politik Etnis Keturunan Tionghoa dalam Pilwakot Semarang 2010,” Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 36-45.

    (四)學位論文
    Andrianto, 2012. Partisipasi Politik Etnis Tionghoa pada Pemilihan Bupati dan Wakil Bupati Kabupaten Pringsewu. Tesis Magister, Prodi Administrasi Bisnis, Universitas Lampung, Bandar Lampung, Indonesia.
    Satya, Melia Seti, 2015. Strategi Masyarakat Etnis Tionghoa dan Melayu Bangka dalam Membangun Interaksi Sosial untuk Memperkuat Kesatuan Bangsa. Tesis Magister, Program Studi Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Bandung, Indonesia.
    Yudha, I Putu Putra Kusuma, 2014. Perubahan Identitas Budaya Etnis Tionghoa di Desa Pupuan Kecamatan Pupuan Kabupaten Tabanan. Tesis Magister, Program Studi Kajian Budaya, Universitas Udayana, Bali, Indonesia.
    Zakina, 2008. Politik Kepala Etnisitas dan Pencitraan Kandidat Minoritas dalam Pemilihan Kepala Daerah Indonesia (Studi Kasus: Cornelis Christiandy Sanjaya pada Pilkada Kalimantan Barat). Tesis Magister, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.

    (五)研討會論文
    Setiono, Benny G., 2008/5/3. “Partisipasi Politik, Sosial dan Ekonomi Etnis Tionghoa Indonesia di Era Reformasi,” paper presented at the Seminar Refleksi 10 Tahun Tragedi Mei 1998. Jakarta: Centre for Chinese Studies and FIB Universitas Indonesia, cited from <http://sastra-pembebasan.10929.n7.nabble.com/ sastra-pembebasan-Fw-PARTISIPASI-POLITIK-SOSIAL-DAN-EKONOMI-ETNIS-TIONGHOA-INDONESIA-DI-ERA-REFORMASI-td29165.html>.

    (六)官方文件
    Badan Pusat Statistik Republik Indonesia, 2011. Kewarganegaraan, Suku Bangsa, Agama, dan Bahasa Sehari-Hari Penduduk Indonesia: Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2010, Katalog BPS: 2102032.
    Komisi Pemilihan Umum Provinsi Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta, 2012/7/20. NOMOR 28/Kpts/KPU-Prov-010/2012.
    Komisi Pemilihan Umum Provinsi Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta, 2012/9/29. NOMOR 32/Kpts/KPU-Prov-010/2012.
    Komisi Pemilihan Umum, 2014. Buku Data dan Infografik Pemilu Anggota DPR RI & DPD RI 2014.
    Komisi Pemilihan Umum, 2015/5/12. Peraturan Komisi Pemilihan Umum Nomor 9/2015.
    Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia, 2010/7/2. Putusan Nomor 68/PHPU.D-VIII/2010.
    Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia, 2016/1/5. Putusan Nomor 48/PHP.KOT-XIV/2016.
    Presiden Republik Indonesia, 2008/4/21. Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 11 Tahun 2008.
    Presiden Republik Indonesia, 2014/3/12. Keputusan Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 12 Tahun 2014.
    Sekretaris Negara Republik Indonesia, 2003/3/11. Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 12 Tahun 2003.

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    四、其他語文
    津田浩司,2007。〈「華人国家英雄」の誕生?-ポスト・スハルト期インドネシアにおける華人性をめぐるダイナミズム〉,《アジア・アフリカ言語文化研究》,第73期,頁27-71。

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