台灣每年約有10萬隻幼鴿投入市場，加上中國市場估計遠超過5000億新台幣以上。因鴿群頻繁接觸，疾病傳播變得更快速，鴿子環狀病毒以2-3月齡幼鴿傷害最重，俗稱幼鴿疾病綜合症，感染後引發免疫抑制且無疫苗。鴿子感染腺病毒時，幼鴿重症感染3-4天致死率高且會造成全鴿群感染，又稱賽鴿急性嗉囊炎，目前無疫苗可用。這兩個病毒嚴重困擾鴿群的健康又造成產業巨大的損失，所以進行了台灣鴿子環狀病毒與腺病毒感染比率與盛行率調查。在台灣北區、中區、南區等3區，為期2年，收集720個樣本，進行聚合酶鏈鎖反應檢驗。分析感染比例與區域、季節、年齡、性別、飼養方式與階段等之交互關係。結果顯示，從感染比例來說感染鴿子環狀病毒為70.8%、腺病毒有13.9%。由區域分佈結果顯示，北部鴿子感染環狀病毒為19.4%、中部為22.2%、南部則有29.2%，北部鴿子感染腺病毒為3.9%、中部為4.4%、南部為5.6%。若以年齡來看未滿1月齡鴿子感染環狀病毒為19.4%、1-3月齡為33.3%、3-12月齡為16.7%、12月齡以上為1.4%；而感染腺病毒未滿1月齡鴿子為2.8%、1-3月齡為5.8%、3-12月齡為4.2%，12月齡以上為1.1%。從性別上分析，公鴿感染環狀病毒為35%、而感染腺病毒為6.25%，母鴿感染環狀病毒為35.8%、感染腺病毒為7.6%。若以飼養方式區分，賽鴿感染環狀病毒為69.4%、腺病毒為12.8%。種鴿感染環狀病毒為1.4%、感染腺病毒為1.1%。在飼養階段不同規則下分為育雛期感染環狀病毒為23.3%、感染腺病毒為3.3%。訓練期感染環狀病毒為53.3%、感染腺病毒為8.3%。比賽期感染環狀病毒為5.3%、感染腺病毒為3%。而環狀病毒與腺病毒發生在各季節中所占的比例分別以冬季(環狀病毒23.9%、腺病毒6%)最高，其次為春季(環狀病毒18.6%、腺病毒3.9%)，再次之為秋季(環狀病毒16.1%、腺病毒2.5%)，夏季最少(環狀病毒12.2%、腺病毒1.5%)。期望調查結果讓飼養者及獸醫師在面對這兩疾病的預防控制管理與臨床治療上能提供重要的參考依據。

About 100,000 young pigeons are put on the market in Taiwan every year, and the Chinese market is estimated to be well over NT $ 500 billion. The disease spreads more quickly due to frequent contact with the pigeons. Pigeon circovirus is the most serious injury to young birds of 2-3 months old, commonly known as young pigeon disease syndrome. It causes immune suppression and no vaccine after infection. When the pigeons are infected by adenovirus, young pigeons seriously infected for 3-4 days have higher mortality rate, and the whole pigeons live in a same animal house are infected. Also known as pigeon acute inflammation of the crop. Currently, no vaccine is available. These two viruses cause seriously diseases in the pigeons and caused huge losses in the industry. This investigation was conducted on the ratio and prevalence of pigeon circovirus and adenovirus infection in Taiwan. In northern, central, and southern Taiwan, a total of 720 samples were collected for a period of 2 years and tested by polymerase chain reaction. The relationship between the proportion of infection and was analyzed the region, season, age, gender, feeding methods and stages. The results showed that from the proportion of infection, 70.8% of pigeon circoviruses and 13.9% of adenoviruses were infected. From the regional distribution, the pigeons from northern Taiwan infected with circovirus were 19.4%, the central Taiwan was 22.2%, and the southern Taiwan was 29.2%; the pigeons from northern Taiwan infected with adenovirus were 3.9%, the central Taiwan was 4.4%, and the southern Taiwan was 5.6%. According to the age, the pigeons infected with circovirus under the age of 1 month was 19.4%, 1-3 months old was 33.3%, 3-12 months old was 16.7%, and more than 12 months old was 1.4%; the pigeons infected with adenovirus under the age of 1 month was 2.8%, 1-3 months old was 5.8%, 3-12 months old was 4.2%, and more than 12 months old was 1.1%. From the gender analysis, in males, the pigeon circovirus was 35%, the pigeon adenovirus was 6.25%, in females, the pigeon circovirus was 35.8%, and the pigeon adenovirus was 7.6%. In the feeding method, the racing pigeon circovirus was 69.4%, the racing pigeon adenovirus was 12.8%, the breeding pigeon circovirus was 1.4%, and the breeding pigeon adenovirus was 1.1%. In the different rules of the rearing stage, in the brooding period the pigeon circovirus was 23.3% and the pigeon adenovirus was 3.3%. During the training period, the pigeon circovirus was 53.3% and the pigeon adenovirus was 8.3%. In the competition period, the pigeon circovirus was 5.3% and the pigeon adenovirus was 3%. The proportion of circovirus and adenovirus in each season is highest in winter (23.9% of circovirus and 6% of adenovirus), followed by spring (18.6% of circovirus and 3.9% of adenovirus). The third is autumn (16. 1% of circovirus, 2.5% of adenovirus), and the least in summer (12.2% of circovirus, 1.5% of adenovirus). It is hoped that the survey results will provide important reference for breeders and veterinarians in the management and clinical treatment of these two diseases.

王羣 (2012) 淺談豬第2型環狀病毒。獸醫專訊 6：13-19。
何郁庭、陳麗如、陳筠凡 (2018) 返家路遙遙：賽鴿是台灣之光，還是非法博弈？動物當代思潮。https://opinion.udn.com/opinion/story/10673/3398693。
吳和生、張瑞炘、周振英、江春雪、劉健良、劉銘燦、吳秀玲 (2009) 臨床微生物電顯圖譜。行政院衛生署疾病管制局。
呂榮修 (1995) 雞傳染性貧血。家禽診斷彩色圖譜。中華民國養雞協會。
林怡君 (2012) 台灣地區鴿子及燕雀目鳥類環狀病毒流行病學研究。 國立臺灣大學，台北。
金憲政 (2008) 鴿子環狀病毒病理學及分子生物學研究。國立屏東科技大學，屏東。
崔國君、蔡政達、蕭淑寶、黃國榮、李淑慧、王羣、吳益興、郭舒亭、黃金城 (2001) 豬環狀病毒感染症。組織病理研討會，行政院農業委員會家畜衛生試驗所，新北市。
黃彥理、莊國賓、吳弘毅、張聰洲、蔡信雄 (2014) 近期造成賽鴿死亡病例的探討。時代名鴿。
劉鴻道 (1998) 動物園與野生動物醫學。淑馨出版社。
蔡裕仁、李建平、趙磐華 (1996) 臺北地區飼養鴿糞便中沙氏桿菌分離調查。中華民國獸醫學會雜誌 22：417-420。
Abadie, J., F. Nguyen, C. Groizeleau, N. Amenna, B. Fernandez, C. Guereaud, L. Guigand, P. Robart, B. Lefebvre and M. Wyers (2001) Pigeon circovirus infection: pathological observations and suggested pathogenesis. Avian Pathol 30:149-158.
Biagini, P., M. Bendinelli, S. Hino, L. Kakkola, A. Mankertz, C. Niel, H. Okamoto, S. Raidal, C. G. Teo and D. Todd (eds) (2012) Family Adenoviridae. Virus taxonomy: classification and nomenclature of viruses: ninth report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Elsevier, San Diego, USA.
Biagini, P., M. Bendinelli, S. Hino, L. Kakkola, A. Mankertz, C. Niel, H. Okamoto, S. Raidal, C. G. Teo and D. Todd (2012) Family Circoviridae. Paper presented at the Virus taxonomy: classification and nomenclature of viruses: ninth report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, London, UK.
Coussement, W., R. Ducatelle, P. Lemahieu, R. Froyman, L. A. Devriese and J. Hoorens (1984) Pathologie van adenovirus infecties bij duiven. Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift 53:227-283.
Crowther, R. A., J. A. Berriman, W. L. Curran, G. M. Allan and D. Todd (2003) Comparison of the structures of three circoviruses: chicken anemia virus, porcine circovirus type 2, and beak and feather disease virus. J Virol 77:13036-13041.
De Herdt, P., R. Ducatelle, C. Lepoudre, G. Charlier and H. Nauwynck (1995) An epidemic of fatal hepatic necrosis of viral origin in racing pigeons (Columba livia). Avian Pathol 24:475-483.
Duchatel, J. P., D. Todd, J. A. Smyth, J. C. Bustin and H. Vindevogel (2006) Observations on detection, excretion and transmission of pigeon circovirus in adult, young and embryonic pigeons. Avian Pathol 35:30-34.
Goldsmith, T. L. Documentation of passerine circoviral infection. In: Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Association of Avian Veterinarians, Philadelphia, PA, USA., August 1995 1995. pp 349-350.
Halami, M. Y., H. Nieper, H. Muller and R. Johne (2008) Detection of a novel circovirus in mute swans (Cygnus olor) by using nested broad-spectrum PCR. Virus Res 132:208-212.
Harkins, G. W., D. P. Martin, A. Christoffels and A. Varsani (2014) Towards inferring the global movement of beak and feather disease virus. Virology 450-451:24-33.
Hattermann, K., C. Schmitt, D. Soike and A. Mankertz (2003) Cloning and sequencing of Duck circovirus (DuCV). Arch Virol 148:2471-2480.
Hess, M. (2000) Detection and differentiation of avian adenoviruses: a review. Avian Pathol 29:195-206.
ICTV (2019) Virus Taxonomy: 2018b Release. International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). https://talk.ictvonline.org/taxonomy/.
Johne, R., D. Fernandez-de-Luco, U. Hofle and H. Muller (2006) Genome of a novel circovirus of starlings, amplified by multiply primed rolling-circle amplification. J Gen Virol 87:1189-1195.
Latimer, K. S., P. M. Rakich, F. D. Niagro, B. W. Ritchie, W. L. Steffens, R. P. Campagnoli, P. D.A. and P. D. Lukert (1991) An updated review of psittacine beak and feather disease. J Assoc Avian Vet 5:211– 220.
Li, L., A. Kapoor, B. Slikas, O. S. Bamidele, C. Wang, S. Shaukat, M. A. Masroor, M. L. Wilson, J. B. Ndjango, M. Peeters, N. D. Gross-Camp, M. N. Muller, B. H. Hahn, N. D. Wolfe, H. Triki, J. Bartkus, S. Z. Zaidi and E. Delwart (2010) Multiple diverse circoviruses infect farm animals and are commonly found in human and chimpanzee feces. J Virol 84:1674-1682.
Li, L., S. McGraw, K. Zhu, C. Leutenegger, S. Marks, S. Kubiski, P. Gaffney, J. F. Dela Cruz, C. Wang, E. Delwart and P. Pesavento (2013) Circovirus in Tissues of Dogs with Vasculitis and Hemorrhage. Emerg Infect Dis 19:534-541.
Li, L., J. G. Victoria, C. Wang, M. Jones, G. M. Fellers, T. H. Kunz and E. Delwart (2010) Bat guano virome: predominance of dietary viruses from insects and plants plus novel mammalian viruses. J Virol 84:6955-6965.
Lian, H., Y. Liu, N. Li, Y. Wang, S. Zhang and R. Hu (2014) Novel circovirus from mink, China. Emerg Infect Dis 20:1548-1550.
Lima, F. E., S. P. Cibulski, A. G. Dall Bello, F. Q. Mayer, A. A. Witt, P. M. Roehe and P. A. d'Azevedo (2015) A novel chiropteran circovirus genome recovered from a Brazilian insectivorous bat species. Genome Announc 3: e01393-15.
Lorincz, M., A. Csagola, S. L. Farkas, C. Szekely and T. Tuboly (2011) First detection and analysis of a fish circovirus. J Gen Virol 92:1817-1821.
Lorincz, M., A. Dan, M. Lang, G. Csaba, A. G. Toth, C. Szekely, A. Csagola and T. Tuboly (2012) Novel circovirus in European catfish (Silurus glanis). Arch Virol 157:1173-1176.
Lukert, P. D., G. F. de Boer, J. L. Dale, P. Keese, M. S. McNulty, J. W. Randles and I. Tischer (1995) Family Circoviridae. Paper presented at the Virus taxonomy classification and nomenclature of viruses sixth report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, Springer, New York,
Marek, A., A. Gunes, E. Schulz and M. Hess (2010) Classification of fowl adenoviruses by use of phylogenetic analysis and high-resolution melting-curve analysis of the hexon L1 gene region. J Virol Methods 170:147-154.
Matsushima, Y., H. Shimizu, A. Kano, E. Nakajima, Y. Ishimaru, S. K. Dey, Y. Watanabe, F. Adachi, K. Mitani, T. Fujimoto, T. G. Phan and H. Ushijima (2013) Genome sequence of a novel virus of the species human adenovirus d associated with acute gastroenteritis. Genome Announc 1.
McCracken, R. M. and B. M. Adair (1993) Adenoviridae. In Vrius infection of birds. Elsevier Science Publishers BV, Amsterdam.
McFerran, J. B. and B. M. Adair (1977) Avian adenoviruses-a review. Avian Pathol 6:189-217.
Mysore, J., D. Read and B. Daft Circovirus-like particles in finches. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Reno, NV, USA., 1995. Histopathology Section. p 2.
Phenix, K. V., J. H. Weston, I. Ypelaar, A. Lavazza, J. A. Smyth, D. Todd, G. E. Wilcox and S. R. Raidal (2001) Nucleotide sequence analysis of a novel circovirus of canaries and its relationship to other members of the genus Circovirus of the family Circoviridae. J Gen Virol 82:2805-2809.
Pringle, C. R. (1999) Virus taxonomy at the XIth International Congress of Virology, Sydney, Australia, 1999. Arch Virol 144:2065-2070.
Raue, R., H. M. Hafez and M. Hess (2002) A fiber gene-based polymerase chain reaction for specific detection of pigeon adenovirus. Avian Pathol 31:95-99.
Raue, R., V. Schmidt, M. Freick, B. Reinhardt, R. Johne, L. Kamphausen, E. F. Kaleta, H. Müller and M.-E. Krautwald-Junghanns (2005) A disease complex associated with pigeon circovirus infection, young pigeon disease syndrome. Avian Pathol 34:418-425.
Rinder, M., A. Schmitz, A. Peschel and R. Korbel (2015) Complete genome sequence of a novel circovirus from zebra finch. Genome Announce 3:e00560-00515.
Ritchie, B. W., F. D. Niagro, K. S. Latimer, P. D. Lukert, W. L. Steffens, 3rd, P. M. Rakich and N. Pritchard (1990) Ultrastructural, protein composition, and antigenic comparison of psittacine beak and feather disease virus purified from four genera of psittacine birds. J Wildl Dis 26:196-203.
Rosario, K., M. Breitbart, B. Harrach, J. Segales, E. Delwart, P. Biagini and A. Varsani (2017) Revisiting the taxonomy of the family Circoviridae: establishment of the genus Cyclovirus and removal of the genus Gyrovirus. Arch Virol 162:1447-1463.
Shivaprasad, H. L., D. Hill, D. Todd and J. A. Smyth (2004) Circovirus infection in a Gouldian finch (Chloebia gouldiae). Avian Pathol 33:525-529.
Soike, D., B. Kohler and K. Albrecht (1999) A circovirus-like infection in geese related to a runting syndrome. Avian Pathol 28:199-202.
Stenzel, T., K. Farkas and A. Varsani (2015) Genome sequence of a diverse goose circovirus recovered from greylag goose. Genome Announce 3:e00767-00715.
Stenzel, T. and A. Koncicki (2017) The epidemiology, molecular characterization and clinical pathology of circovirus infections in pigeons - current knowledge. Vet Q 37:166-174.
Taras, L., K. O, J. R and J. V (2003) The First Demonstration of pigeon circovirus infection in the czech republic based on histology and nested PCR. Acta Veterinaria Brno 72:577-582.
Todd, D. (2000) Circoviruses: immunosuppressive threats to avian species: a review. Avian Pathol 29:373-394.
Todd, D., A. N. Scott, E. Fringuelli, H. L. Shivraprasad, D. Gavier-Widen and J. A. Smyth (2007) Molecular characterization of novel circoviruses from finch and gull. Avian Pathol 36:75-81.
Todd, D., J. Weston, N. W. Ball, B. J. Borghmans, J. A. Smyth, L. Gelmini and A. Lavazza (2001) Nucleotide sequence-based identification of a novel circovirus of canaries. Avian Pathol 30:321-325.
Todd, D., J. H. Weston, N. W. Ball, B. J. Borghmans, J. A. Smyth, L. Gelmini and A. Lavazza (2001) Nucleotide sequence identification of a novel circovirus from canaries. Avian Pathol 30:321-325.
Twentyman, C. M., M. R. Alley, J. Meers, M. M. Cooke and P. J. Duignan (1999) Circovirus-like infection in a southern black-backed gull (Larus dominicanus). Avian Pathol 28:513-516.
Uyttebroek, E. and R. Ducatelle epidemiology of adenovirus infections in pigeons. In: Proceedings of the First Conference of the European Committee of the Association of Avian Veterinarians, Vienna, 1991. pp 289-292.
Vereecken, M., P. de Herdt and R. Ducatelle (1998) Adenovirus infections in pigeons: A review. Avian Pathol 27:333-338.
Wada, Y., H. Kondo, M. Nakazawa and M. Kubo (1995) Natural infection with attaching and effacing Escherichia coli and adenovirus in the intestine of a pigeon with diarrhea. J Vet Med Sci 57:531-533.
Wan, C., C. Chen, L. Cheng, S. Shi, G. Fu, R. Liu, H. Chen, Q. Fu and Y. Huang (2018) Detection of novel adenovirus in sick pigeons. J Vet Med Sci 80:1025-1028.
Warzecha, M. (2002) Jungtauben-Krankheit/CD-Syndrom. Die Brieftaube 33:1221-1228.
Woods, L. W., K. S. Latimer, B. C. Barr, F. D. Niagro, R. P. Campagnoli, R. W. Nordhausen and A. E. Castro (1993) Circovirus-like infection in a pigeon. J Vet Diagn Invest 5:609-612.
Woods, L. W., K. S. Latimer, F. D. Niagro, C. Riddell, A. M. Crowley, M. L. Anderson, B. M. Daft, J. D. Moore, R. P. Campagnoli and R. W. Nordhausen (1994) A retrospective study of circovirus infection in pigeons: nine cases (1986-1993). J Vet Diagn Invest 6:156-164.