本研究針對極危（CR）等級植物紫苞舌蘭擬定其復育模式並進行實際復育行動，期讓我國對於植物多樣性之保育有實質可行之完整範例，研究之項目及結果有：（1）進行紫苞舌蘭族群動態研究及族群生存力分析，瞭解紫苞舌蘭現僅分布於蘭嶼及綠島兩個地區，綠島現存有4個族群，族群穩定，短期內應無滅絕危機，而蘭嶼地區族群因天災影響，只餘1族群，趨勢嚴重下降，有滅絕危機，極需積極進行復育行動。（2）利用微衛星DNA進行紫苞舌蘭遺傳多樣性及族群遺傳結構分析，結果顯示本種具有極低的遺傳多樣性，其中以蘭嶼區域具有較高的遺傳多樣性（Ho = 0.103），顯示蘭嶼地區的現有族群應為重點保存族群，此可作為後續進行繁殖時之重要種原。（3）利用生物繁殖技術針對現存於野外之各個族群個體，進行體外繁殖試驗以能最大化保存並繁殖現有遺傳多樣性個體，結果顯示若需大量培養且節省成本的條件下以1/4MS作為培養基最合適。（4）針對蘭嶼地區已於野外消失之紫苞舌蘭族群，進行再引回，結果以東清溪族群生育狀況最好，並已建立可天然繁殖之新族群。（5）評估再引回6個族群之存活率及天然更新狀況，以東清溪族群（p1）最佳，朗島東溪（p2）次佳，其餘族群呈現衰退狀態；另進行族群生存力分析，模擬未來100年之族群，顯示此再引回建立之新族群若無重大干擾可永久存續。（6）蘭嶼的再引回行動已成功建立新族群，且此新族群可持續生存並天然更新繁衍後代，為成功之復育模式。未來進行受脅植物復育時可將此模式應用至其它受脅植物，從族群調查、評估、繁殖、引回至監測的復育流程，陸續解決我國更多受脅植物所面臨的困境及其絕滅壓力，供管理單位參酌，訂定出國家對於受脅植物的經營管理計畫，以能確實有效減緩我國受脅植物族群日益縮減乃至滅絕的速度，達到復育瀕絕植物與保育生物多樣性的國際目標。

This research drawed up a restoration model for the critically endangered （CR）Spathoglottis plicata, and carried out actual restoration actions, so that we can have a practical and complete example for the conservation of plant diversity in country. The research projects included:（1）Conducting the research on the population dynamics of S. plicata. It currently only distributed in Orchid Island and Green Island. There are four populations in Green Island, and these populations are stable. However, there is only one population in Orchid Island due to natural disasters, and the population is in severe decline and has almost disappeared.（2）Using microsatellite DNA to analyze the genetic diversity and population genetic structure. The results showed that this species has an extremely low level of genetic diversity, and the higher level of genetic diversity （Ho = 0.103） was indicated in Orchid Island. The populations in Orchid Island should be the key conservation groups, and can be used as the important germplasms for subsequent reproduction.（3）Using biological propagation technique to carry out in vitro reproduction experiments for each population existing in the wild to maximize the preservation and reproduction of genetically diverse individuals. The 1/4MS medium is the most suitable for large-scale culture and cost-saving conditions.（4）The reintroductions of S. plicata were conducted in Orchid Island, and p1 population had the best reproductive condition, and could naturally established the new population.（5）Evaluating the survival rate and natural regeneration status of the reintroduced populations. The regeneration status of p1 population is the best, p2 is the second best, and the rest of populations are in the state of decline. Population viability analysis showed that the new population, established by this reintroduction can persist without major disturbance in the next 100 years. （6）The reintroduction of Orchid Island has successfully established the new populations, and these populations can survive, naturally regenerate and reproduce offspring. It should be a successful restoration model. When the restoration of threatened plant is carried out in the future, this restoration model can be applied to other threatened plants. Through the restoration process from population investigation, evaluation, reproduction, restoration, and monitoring, it can relieve extinction pressures of threatened plant in our country. In order to develop a national management plans for threatened plants, it can effectively slow down the declining or even extinction rate of threatened plant in my country, and achieve the international goals of restoring endangered plants and biodiversity conversation.

王震哲、邱文良、張和明. 2012. 臺灣維管束植物紅皮書初評名錄. 行政院農業委員會特有生物研究保育中心及臺灣植物分類學會.
王震哲、邱文良、張和明. 2017. 2017臺灣維管束植物紅皮書名錄. 行政院農業委員會特有生物研究保育中心及臺灣植物分類學會.
邱輝龍、許圳塗. 2007. 作物野生近緣種的保存與利用. 林業研究專訊 14(4): 5.
方豔、王傑、覃楊、王甦、金振宇、李姝. 2021. 蜜源植物波斯菊對捕食性天敵族群動態的影響. 中國生物防治學報 37 (5): 877-884.
林志銓、王志強、陳韋志. 2019. 雪山翠池地區玉山圓柏林空間分布. 林業研究季刊 41(4)：261-272.
賀丹妮、楊華、溫靜、謝榕. 2020. 長白山雲冷杉針闊混交林不同林隙下幼苗幼樹密度及空間分佈. 應用生態學報31(6) :1916-1922.
蔣鎮宇. 2004. 台灣特有種玉山杜鵑之保育遺傳學及親緣地理學研究計畫. 內政部營建署玉山公園管理處研究報告，14 頁.
Akçakaya, H. R. 2000. Population viability analyses with demographically and spatially structured models. Ecological Bulletins 48: 23-38.
Akcakaya, H. R., and P. Sjögren-Gulve. 2000. Population viability analyses in conservation planning: An overview. Ecological Bulletins 48: 9-21.
AmoMarco, J. B., and M. D. Lledo. 1996. In vitro propagation of Salix tarraconensis Pau ex Font Quer, an endemic and threatened plant. In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant 32:42-46.
Arditti, J. 1967. Factors affecting the germination of orchid seeds. The Botanical Review 33: 24-29.
Arditti, J., and A. Ghani. 2000. Numerical and physical properties of orchid seeds and their biological implications. New Phytologist 145: 367-421.
Arditti, J., M. A. Clements, G. Fast, G. Hadley, G. Nishimura, and R. Ernst. 1982a. Orchid seed germination and seedling culture-a manual. In: Arditti, J. (Ed.), Orchid Biology-Reviews and Perspectives II. Cornell University Press, New York, USA, pp. 243-370.
Arditti, J., J. D. Michaud, and A. P. Oliva. 1982b. Practical germination of North American and related orchids. II. Goodyera oblongifolia and G. tessellata. American Orchid Society Bulletin 54: 859-866.
Arditti, J., J. D. Michaud, and A. P. Oliva. 1982c. Practical germination of North American and related orchids. I. Epipactis atrorubens, E. gigantea and E. helleborine. AmericanOrchid Society Bulletin 51: 162-171.
Arditti, J., J. D. Michaud, and A.P. Oliva. 1981. Seed germination of North American orchids. I. Native Californian and related species of Calypso, Epipactis, Goodyera, Piperia and Platanthera. Botanical Gazette 142: 442-453.
Aswathi, S. S., A. Gopinath, and A. Mohan. 2017. In vitro propagation of Spathogottis plicata Blume. via asymbiotic seed germination. International Journal of Advanced Research 5(3): 431-438.
B´artov´a, V. and J. B´arta. 2009. Chemical composition and nutritional value of protein concentrates isolated from potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) fruit juice by precipitation with ethanol or ferric chloride. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 57(19): 9028-9034.
Bakar, B., M. A. Latip, and J. A. Gansau. 2014. Asymbiotic germination and seedling development of Dimorphics lowii (Orchidaceae). Asian Journal of Plant Biology 2(1): 28-33.
Ballard, W. W. 1987. Sterile propagation of Cypripedium reginae from seeds. American Orchid Society Bulletin 56: 935-946.
Bapat, V. A., Yadav S. R., and G. B. Dixit. 2008. Rescue of endangered plants through biotechnological applications. National Academy Science Letters31: 201-210.
Barriento, B. A. B., and J. Y. Fang. 2019. Influence of photoperiod and culture medium on the speed of asymbiotic seed germination and seedling development in Spathoglottis plicata. Hortscience 54(9): 1570-1575.
Barua, A. K., and S. K. Bhadra. 1999. In vitro micropropagation of Cymbidium aloifolium (L.) Sw. and Spathoglottis plicata Bl. Plant Tissue Culture 9: 133-140.
Bapat, V. A., and S. Narayanaswamy. 1977. Rhizogenesis in a tissue culture of the orchid Spathoglottis. Bulletin of Torrey Botanical Club 104: 2-4.
Beechey, N. 1970. Propagation of orchids from aerial roots. American Orchid Society Bulletin 39: 1085-1088.
Beissinger, S. R., and D. Mccullough. 2002. Population viability analysis: Past, present, future. Chicago: University of Chicago Press: 5-17.
Beissinger, S. R., and M. I. Westphal. 1998. On the use of demographic models of population viability in endangered species management. Journal of Wildlife Management 62: 821-841.
Beltrame, E. 2006. Hardy orchids: Spathoglottis- inside and out. The Orchid Review: 68-71.
Boonsrangsom, T., P. Pongtongkam, S. Masuthon, and S. Peyachoknagul. 2008. Development of microsatellite markers for Dendrobium orchids. Thai Journal of Genetics 1(1): 47-56.
Boufford, D. E., H. Ohashi, T. C. Huang, C. F. Hsieh, J. L. Tsai, K. C. Yang, C. I. Peng, C. S. Kuoh, and A. Hsiao. 2003. Orchidaceae. In: Huang, T.C. and Editorial Committee of the Flora of Taiwan. (Eds.). Flora of Taiwan, Volume Six. 2nd ed. Editorial Committee of the Flora of Taiwan, Department of Botany, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. pp. 130-139.
Boyce, M. 1992. Population viability analysis. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 23: 481-506.
Bramwell, D. 1990. The role of in vitro cultivation in the conservation of Endangered species. In: Hernández, B. J. E., Clemente, M. Heywood, V. (Eds.) Conservation Techniques in Botanic Gardens, Koenigstein: Koeltz Scientific Books. pp. 3-15.
Cai X., Z. Feng, B. Hou, W. Xing, and X. Ding. 2012. Development of microsatellite markers for genetic diversity analysis of Dendrobium loddigesii Rolfe, an endangered orchid in China. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 43: 42-47.
Caro, T. M., and M. K. Laurenson. 1994. Ecological and genetic factors in conservation: a cautionary tale. Science. 263: 485-486.
Chen, B., S. J. Trueman, J. Li, Q. Li, H. Fan, and J. Zhang. 2014. Micropropagation of the endangered medicinal orchid Dendrobium officinale. Life Science Journal 11(9): 526-530.
Cheng, Z., X. Tian, Z. Zhong, P. Li, D. Sun, J. Bai, Y. Meng, S. Zhang, Y. Zhang, L. Wang, and D. Liu. 2021. Reintroduction, distribution, population dynamics and conservation of a species formerly extinct in the wild: A review of thirty-five years of successful Milu (Elaphurus davidianus) reintroduction in China. Global Ecology and Conservation 31: e01860.
Chung, M. Y., and M. G. Chung. 2010. Population genetic diversity and structure in Goodyera rosulacea (Orchidaceae), endemic in Korea, and implications for conservation. Annales Botanici Fennici 47: 460–470.
Cogoni, D., G. Fenu, E. Concas, and G. Bacchetta. 2013. The effectiveness of plant conservation measures: the Dianthus morisianus reintroduction. Fauna & Flora International. Oryx 47(2): 203-206.
Cruz-Cruz, C. A., M. T. Gonzalez-Arnao, and F. Engelmann. 2013. Biotechnology and Conservation of Plant Biodiversity. Resources 2: 73-95.
Csencsics, D., S. Brodbeck, and R. Holderegger. 2010. Cost-effective, species-specific microsatellite development for the endangered dwarf Bulrush (Typha minima) using next-generation sequencing technology. Journal of Heredity 101: 789-793.
Davison, G. W. H., Ng P. K. L., and H. C. Ho. 2008. The Singapore red data book. Threatened plants & animals of Singapore. Nature Society Singapore.
Dhar, U., J. Upreti, and I. D. Bhatt. 2000. Micropropagation of Pittosporum napaulensis (DC.) Rehder & Wilson - a rare, endemic Himalayan medicinal tree. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 63:231-235.
Dib, C., S. Faure, C. Fizames, D. Samson, N. Drouot, A. Viogal, P. Millasseau, S. Marc, J. Kazan, E. Seboun, M. Lathrop, G. Gyapay, J. Morissette, and J. Weissenbach. (1996) A comprehensive genetic map of the human genome based on 5, 264 microsatellites. Nature 380: 152-154.
Doyle, J. J., and E. E. Dickson. 1987. Preservation of plant samples for DNA restriction endonuclease analysis. Taxon 36: 715-722.
Dressler, R. L. 1981. The orchids, natural history and classification. Harvard University Press, Cambridge. pp. 88-92.
Engelmann, F. 2010. Use of biotechnologies for the conservation of plant biodiversity. In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology 47: 5-16.
Fay, M. F. 1992. Conservation of rare and endangered plants using in vitro methods. In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology-Plant 28：1-4.
Fay, M. F. 1994. In what situations is in vitro culture appropriate to plant conservations? Biodiversity and Conservation 3: 176-183.
Fonnesbech, M. 1972. Organic nutrients in the media for propagation of Cymbidium in vitro. Physiologia Plantarum 27(3): 360-364.
Franklin, I. R. 1980. Evolutionary change in small populations. In: Soule´, M. E. and B. A. Wilcox, (Eds.). Conservation Biology: An Evolutionary-Ecological Perspective, Sinauer Associates. pp. 135-150.
Frankham, R., J. D. Ballou, and D. A. Briscoe. 2010. Introduction to Conservation Genetics. 2nd edn. p.618.
García-Antón, A. and J. Traba. 2021. Population viability analysis of the endangered Dupont's Lark Chersophilus duponti in Spain. Scientific Reports 11(1): 1-15.
García-Beltr´an, J. A., S. Toledo, M. Pernús, L. R. Gonz´alez-Torres, L. Robledo, and D. Barrios. 2022. Population structure and conservation of the coastal palm Coccothrinax borhidiana (Arecaceae) in the northwest of Cuba. Journal for Nature Conservation 68: 126206.
George, E. F. 1996. Plant propagation by tissue culture. Part 2-in practice. 2nd ed. Exegetics, Edington.
George, E. F., M. A. Hall, and G. J. de Klerk. 2007. Plant Propagation by Tissue Culture, Springer, Berlin, Germany, 3rd edition.
Giarrocco, L. E., M. A. Marassi, and G. L. Salerno. 2007. Assessment of the genetic diversity in argentine rice cultivars with SSR markers. Crop Science 47: 835-858.
Goodman, D. 1987. The demography of chance extinction In: Soule M.E. (Ed.). Viable Population for Conservation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.11-34.
Haimei, Y., Y. Liu, and K. Fujiwara. 2013. Effects of life-history components on population dynamics of the rare endangered plant Davidia involucrate. Natural Science 5(1): 62-70.
Hamrick, J. L., and M. J. Godt. 1996. Effects of life history traits on genetic diversity in plant species. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 351: 1291-1298.
Hossain, M. M. 2008. Asymbiotic seed germination and in vitro seedling development of Epidendrum ibaguense Kunth. (Orchidaceae). African Journal of Biotechnology 7(20): 3614-3619.
Hossain, M. M., and R. Dey. 2013. Multiple regeneration pathways in Spathoglottis plicata Blume - A study in vitro. South African Journal of Botany 85: 56-62.
Hossain, M. M., M. Sharma, and P. Pathak. 2009. Cost effective protocol for in vitro mass propagation of Cymbidium aloifolium (L.) Sw.- a medicinally important orchid. Engineering in Life Sciences 9: 1-10.
Hossain, M. M., M. Sharma, J. A. Teixeira da Silva, and P. Pathak. 2010. Seed germination and tissue culture of Cymbidium giganteum Wall. ex Lindl. Scientia Horticulturae 123: 479-487.
Huang, T. C., and Editorial Committee of the Flora of Taiwan. 2000. Flora of Taiwan, Volume Five. 2nd ed. Editorial Committee of the Flora of Taiwan, Department of Botany, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
Huang, L. C., C. J. Lin, C. I. Kuo, B. L. Huang, and T. Murashige. 2001. Paphiopedilum cloning in vitro. Scientia Horticulturae 91: 111-121.
Islam, M., M. Akter, and A. Prodhan. 2011. Effect of potato extract on in vitro seed germination and seedling growth of local Vanda roxburgii orchid. Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University 9(2): 211-215.
IUCN. 1998. Guidelines for Re-introductions. Prepared by the IUCN/SSC Re-introduction Specialist Group. IUCN Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
Jain, S., R. Jian, and S. R. McCouch. 2004. Genetic analysis of India aromatic and quality rice (Oryza sativa L.) germplasm using panels of fluorescently-labeled microsatellite markers. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 109: 965-977.
Kapai, V. Y., P. Kapoor, and I. UshaRao. 2010. In Vitro Propagation for Conservation of Rare and Threatened Plants of India - A Review. International Journal of Biological Technology 1(2): 1-14.
Kauth, P. J., T. R. Johnson, S. L. Stewart, and M. E. Kane. 2008. A classroom exercise in hand pollination and in vitro asymbiotic orchid seed germination. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 93: 223-230.
Kauth, P. J., W. A. Vendrame, and M. E. Kane. 2006. In vitro seed culture and seedling development of Calopogon tuberosus. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 85(1): 91-102.
Khalifah, R. A. 1966. Gibberellin-like substances from the developing banana. Plant Physiology 41(5): 771-773.
Li, Y. Y., E. P. K. Tsang, M. Y. Cui, and X. Y. Chen. 2012. Too early to call it success: An evaluation of the natural regeneration of the endangered Metasequoia glyptostroboides. Biological Conservation 150: 1-4.
Long, B., A. X. Niemiera, Z. Y. Cheng, and C. L. Long. 2010. In vitro propagation of four threatened Paphiopedilum species (Orchidaceae). Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 101(2): 151-162.
Lunt, D. H., W. F. Hutchinson, and G. R. Carvalho. 1999. An efficient method for PCR-based isolation of microsatellite arrays (PIMA). Molecular Ecology 8: 891-894.
Maunder, M. 1992. Plant reintroduction: an overview. Biodiversity and Conservation 1: 51-61.
Maunder, M., S. Higgens, and A. Culham. 1998. Neither common nor garden: the garden as a refuge for threatened plant species. Curtis's botanical magazine 15: 124-132.
Mercado, S. A. S., and N. A. V. Contreras. 2017. Asymbiotic seed germination and in vitro propagation of Cattleya trianae Linden & Reichb.f. (Orchidaceae). Acta Agronomica 66(4): 544-548.
Minea, M., C. Piluek, A. Menakanit, and S. Tantiwiwat. 2004. A Study on Seed Germination and Seedling Development of Spathoglottis Bl. Orchids. Kasetsart Journal - Natural Science 38: 141-156.
Mohapatra, D., S. Mishra, and N. Sutar. 2010. Banana and its byproduct utilisation: an overview. Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 69(5): 323-329.
Morris, W. F., P. L. Bloch, B. R. Hudgens, L. C. Moyle, and J. R. Stinchcombe. 2002. Population viability analysis in endangered species recovery plans: Past use and future improvements. Ecological Applications 12: 708-712.
Morrison, C., C. Wardle, and J. G. Castley. 2016. Repeatability and reproducibility of population viability analysis (PVA) and the implications for threatened species management. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 4: 98.
Motoo, K. 1968. Evolutionary rate at the molecular level. Nature 217: 625-626.
Moore, I. D., R. B. Grayson, and A. R. Ladson. 1991. Digital terrain modelling: A review of hydrological, geomorphological, and biological applications. Wiley Online Library 5(1): 3-30.
Murashige, T. and F. Skoog. 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue culture. Physiologia Plantarum 15: 473-497.
Murayama, A. 2008. The Tsushima leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis euptilura): population viability analysis and conservation strategy. Imperial College London.
Nanekar, V., V. Shriram, V. Kumar, and P. B. K. Kishor. 2014. Asymbiotic in vitro seed germination and seedling development of Eulophia nuda Lindl., an endangered medicinal orchid. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences 84(3): 837-846.
Noh, S.W., J. K. Park, J. S. Yu, D. E. Nam, Y. Do, and K. W. Chung. 2020. Genetic diversity and population structure of the spring orchid Cymbidium goeringii in Korean distant islands. Diversity 12: 486.
O’Grady, J.J., B.W. Brook, D. H. Reed, J.D. Ballou, D.W. Tonkyn, and R. Frankham. 2006. Realistic levels of inbreeding depression strongly affect extinction risk in wild populations. Biological Conservation 133:42-51.
Paul, J., C. Budd, and J. R. Freeland. 2013. Conservation genetics of an endangered orchid in eastern Canada. Conservation Genetics 14: 195-204.
Pierik, R. L. M., P. A. Sprenkels, B. Van Der Hask, and Q. G. Van Der Meys. 1988. Seed germination and further development of plantlets of Paphiopedilum ciliorare Pfitz. in vitro. Scientia Horticulturae 34: 139-153.
Pavlik, B. 1996. Defining and measuring success. In: Falk, D. A., C. I. Millar, M. Olwell (Eds.). Restoring Diversity: Strategies for Reintroduction of Endangered Plants, Island Press, Washington, DC. pp. 127-155.
Prando, M. A. S., P. Chiavazza, A. Faggio, and C. Contessa. 2014. Effect of coconut water and growth regulator supplements on in vitro propagation of Corylus avellana L. Scientia Horticulturae 171: 91-94.
Pritchard, J., M. Stephens, and P. Donnelly. 2000. Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data. Genetics 155: 945-959.
Ramsay, M. M., A. D. Jacskon, and R. D. Porley. 2000. A Pilot Study for ex Situ Conservation of UK Bryophytes. In Proceedings of EuroGard 2000-II European Botanic Garden Congress, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain, 10–15 April 2000, Botanic Garden Conservation International: Richmond, UK. pp. 52-57.
Reed, B. M., V. Sarasan, M. Kane, E. Bunn, and V.C. Pence. 2011. Biodiversity conservation and conservation biotechnology tools. In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant 47: 1-4.
Refseth, U. H., B. M. Fangan, and K. S. Jakobsen. 1997. Hybridization capture of microsatellites directly from genomic DNA. Electrophoresis 18: 1519-1523.
Ren, H., Q. Zhang, H. Lu, H. Liu, Q. Guo, J. Wang, S. Jian, and H. Bao. 2012. Wild plant species with extremely small populations require conservation and reintroduction in China. AMBIO 41: 913-917.
Ren, H., S. Zeng, L. Li, Q. Zhang, L. Yang, J. Wang, Z. Wang, and Q. Guo. 2012. Reintroduction of Tigridiopalma magnifica, a rare and critically endangered herb endemic to China. Oryx: 46(3): 391-398.
Richard, P. S., J. Hans, K. Tiiu, and J. H. Michael. 2020. The demography of terrestrial orchids: Life history, population dynamics and conservation. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 192: 315-332.
Richter-Dyn N., and N. S. Goel. 1972. On the extinction of a colonizing species. Theoretical Population Biology 3 (4): 406-33.
Santana, Q. C., M. P. A. Coetzee1, E. T. Steenkamp, O. X. Mlonyeni1, G. N. A. Hammond, M. J. Wingfield, and B. D. Wingfield. 2009. Microsatellite discovery by deep sequencing of enriched genomic libraries. BioTechniques 46:217-223.
Sarasan, V., R. Cripps, M. M. Ramsay, C. Atherton, M. McMichen, G. Prendergast, and J. K. Rowntree. 2006. Conservation in vitro of threatened plants-Progress in the past decade. In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant 42: 206-214.
Sathiyadash, K., T. Muthukumar, and S. B. Murugan. 2013. In vitro asymbiotic seed germination, mycorrhization and seedling development of Acampae praemorsa (Roxb.) Blatt. & Mc Cann, a common south Indian orchid. Asian Pacific Journal of Reproduction 2(2): 114-118.
Scade, A., M. C. Brundrett, A. L. Batty, K. W. Dixon, and K. Sivasithamparam. 2006 Survival of transplanted terrestrial orchid seedlings in urban bushland habitats with high or low weed cover. Australian Journal of Botany 54(4): 383-389.
Schlotterer, C., D. Tautz, and D. Tautz. 1992. Slippage synthesis of simple sequence DNA. Nucleic Acids Research 20: 211-215.
Seddon, P. J., D. P. Armstrong, and R. F. Maloney. 2007. Developing the science of reintroduction biology. Conservation Biology 21: 303-312.
Sexton, G. J., C. H. Frere, M. J. Dieters, I. D. Godwin, and P. J. Prentis. 2010. Development and characterization of microsatellite loci for Khaya senegalensis (Meliaceae). American Journal of Botany 97 (11): e111-113.
Shaffer, M. 1981. Minimum population sizes for species conservation. Bioscience 31: 131-134.
Shina, P., and S. K. Roy. 2004. Regeneration of an indigenous orchid, Vanda teres (Roxb.) Lindl. through in vitro culture. Plant Tissue Culture 14: 55-61.
Sinha, P., M. L. Hakim, and M. F. Alam. 2009. In vitro mass clonal propagation of Spathoglottis plicata Blume. Plant Tissue Culture & Biotechnology 19: 151-160.
Stella, Y. R., T. A. Priya, K. M. F. Begam, and V. Manimekalai. 2015. In vitro seed germination, somatic embryogenesis and protocorm based micro propagation of a terrestrial ornamental orchid - spathoglottis plicata blume. European Journal of Biotechnology and Bioscience 3(4): 20-23.
Steward, S. L. and M. E. Kane. 2006. Asymbiotic seed germination and in vitro seedling development of Habenaria macroceratitis (Orchidaceae), a rare Florida terrestrial orchid. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 86: 147-158.
Su, H. J. 2000. Orchidaceae. In: Huang, T.C. and Editorial Committee of the Flora of Taiwan. (Eds.). Flora of Taiwan, Volume Five. 2nd ed. Editorial Committee of the Flora of Taiwan, Department of Botany, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. pp. 1031-1034.
Su, R. J., and Z. X. Su. 2005. Study on relations of seed dispersal, germination and age-class distribution in population in Davidia involucrata. Scientia Silvae Sinicae 41: 192-195.
Tan, S., J. Yong, and L. Ge. 2014. Analyses of phytohormones in coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) water using capillary electrophoresis-tandem mass spectrometry. Chromatography 1(4): 211-226.
Teng, W. L., L. Nicholson, and L. Yu. 1997a. Clonal propagation of Spathoglottis plicata from young plants. Acta Horticulturae 447: 115-119.
Teng, W. L., L. Nicholson, and M. C. Teng. 1997. Micropropagation of Spathoglottis plicata. Plant Cell Reports 16: 831-835.
Thakur, U., and N. Dongarwar. 2012. Artificial pollination and in vitro asymbiotic seed germination in garden orchid Spathoglottis plicata Blume (Orchidaceae). Recent Research in Science and Technology 4: 13-18.
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Version 2013.2. Available online:
http://www.iucnredlist.org.
Thompson, D. I., T. J. Edwards, and J. van Staden. 2006. Evaluating asymbiotic seed culture methods and establishing Disa (Orchidaceae) germinability in vitro: relationships, requirements and first-time reports. Plant Growth Regulation 49: 269-284.
Utami, S.W., and S. Hariyanto. 2020. Organic Compounds: Contents and Their Role in Improving Seed Germination and Protocorm Development in Orchids. International Journal of Agronomy 2020: 1-12.
Utami, S. W., S. Hariyanto, and Y. S. W. Manuhara. 2017. In vitro propagation of the endangered medicinal orchid, Dendrobium lasianthera through mature seed culture. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 7(5): 406-410.
van de Kerk, M., D. P. Onorato, J. A. Hostetler, B. M. Bolker, and M. K. Oli. 2019. Dynamics, persistence, and genetic management of the endangered Florida panther population. Wildlife Monographs 203: 3-35.
Vijayan, K., B. Saratchandra, and J. A. T. da Silva. 2011. Germplasm conservation in mulberry (Morus spp.) Scientia Horticulturae 128: 371-379.
Vinoth, A., and R. Ravindhran. 2013. In vitro propagation - A potential method for plant conservation. International Journal of Computing Algorithm 2: 268-272.
Vranckx, G., H. Jacquemyn, B. Muys, and O. Honnay. 2012. Meta-analysis of susceptibility of woody plants to loss of genetic diversity through habitat fragmentation. Conservation Biology 26(2): 228-237.
Vudala, S. M., and L. L. F. Ribas. 2017. Seed storage and asymbiotic germination of Hadrolaelia grandis (Orchidaceae). South African Journal of Botany 108: 1-7.
Wang, B. S. P., P. J. Charest, and B. Downie. 1993. Ex situ storage of seeds, pollen, and in vitro cultures of perennial woody plant species. FAO Forestry Paper 113: 83.
Wang, H. C., H. Zhu, Y. F Li, X. G. Yi, M. Li, C. H. Nan, X. R. Wang. 2020. Potential distribution and ecological characteristic of chinese endemic species Cerasus xueluoensis. Journal of Tropical and Subtropical Botany 28(2):136-144.
Wang, Z. Z., and Z. G. Lu. 2012. Flora of Taiwan. (eds.). Flora of Taiwan, second edition supplement, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan.
Wochok, Z. S. 1981. The role of tissue culture in preserving threatened and endangered plant species. Biodiversity and Conservation 20: 83-89.
Wu, J. G. 2009. Ecological dynamics in fragmented landscapes. In: Levin, S, A. (ed.). Princeton Guide to Ecology. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 438-444.
Xu, Z., H. Ren, X. Wei, K. Ouyang, D. Li, Y. Guo, S. Wen, J. Long, J. Wang, and D. Hui. 2021. Distribution and conservation status of Camellia longzhouensis (Theaceae), a critically endangered plant species endemic to southern China. Global Ecology and Conservation 27: e01585.
Yam, T. W., J. Chua, F. Tay, and A. Peter. 2010. Conservation of the native orchids trough seedling culture and reintroduction- A Singapore experience. The Botanical Review 76: 263-274.
Yun, S. A., H. D. Son, H. T. Im, and S. C. Kim. 2020. Genetic diversity and population structure of the endangered orchid Pelatantheria scolopendrifolia (Orchidaceae) in Korea. PLOS ONE 15: e0237546.
Zeng, S., W. Huang, K. Wu, J. Zhang, J. A. Teixeira da Silva, and J. Duan. 2015. In vitro propagation of Paphiopedilum orchids. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology 36(3): 521-534.
Zettler, L. W., and T. M. J. McInnis. 1992. Propagation of Platanthera intergrilabia (Correll.) Luer, an endangered terrestrial orchid, through symbiotic seed germination. Lindleyana 7: 154-161.
Zettler, L.W., and T. M. J. McInnis. 1993. Symbiotic seed germination and development of Spiranthes cernua and Goodyera pubescens (Orchidaceae: Spiranthoideae). Lindleyana 8: 155-162.
Zhang, S., Y. Yang, and J. Li. 2018. Physiological diversity of orchids. Plant Diversity 40(4): 196-208.
Zhang, Y., Y. I. Lee, L. Deng, and S. Zhao. 2013. Asymbiotic germination of immature seeds and seedling development of Cypripedium macranthos Sw., an endangered Lady’s slipper orchid. Scientia Horticulturae 164: 130-136.
Zhang, Y., F. Wang, Z. Cui1, M. Li, X. Li, X. Ye, and X. Yu. 2021. Can we reestablish a self-sustaining population? A case study on reintroduced Crested Ibis with population viability analysis. Avian Research 12(14):1-10.